A Model for Standardizing Manipulation Terminology in Physical Therapy Practice

References

• Cyriax JH. Text Book of Orthopaedic Medicine. Volume 1. 8th ed. London, UK: Bailliere Tindall; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ackerknecht E. A Short History of Medicine. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Withington E. Hippocrates. Volume 3. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Paris SV. A history of manipulative therapy through the ages and up to the current controversy in the United States. J Man Manip Ther 2000;8:66–77.
   Google Scholar
• Flexner A. Medical Education in the United States and Canada Bulletin Number Four (The Flexner Report). New York, NY: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; 1910.
   Google Scholar
• Hood WP. On Bone Setting (So-Called) and Its Relation to the Treatment of Joints Crippled by Injury, Rheumatism, Inflammation, etc. London, UK: MacMillan & Co; 1871.
   Google Scholar
• Paget J. Cases that bone-setters cure. BMJ 1867;1:1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paris SV. The Spine: Etiology and Treatment of Dysfunction Including Joint Manipulation [course notes]; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM. The efficacy of chiropractic manipulation for back pain: blinded review of relevant randomized clinical trials. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15:487–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfort G, Assendelft WJ, Evans R, Haas M, Bouter L. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:457–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans RL, Bouter LM. Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine J 2004;4:335–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leaver AM, Refshauge KM, Maher CG, et al. Efficacy of manipulation for non-specific neck pain of recent onset: design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leerberg E. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for low back pain has not been reliably shown. BMJ 1999;318:261–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson CF, Bronfort G, Evans R, Boline P, Goldsmith C, Anderson AV. The efficacy of spinal manipulation, amitriptyline and the combination of both therapies for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;21:511–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61:273–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to Physical Therapist Practice. Second Edition. American Physical Therapy Association. Phys Ther 2001;81:9–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Physical Therapy Association Manipulation Task Force MEC. Manipulation Education Manual for Physical Therapists Professional Degree Programs. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• American Physical Therapy Association. Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education: Version 2004. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists. Standards Document. Available at: http://www.ifomt.org/ifomt/about/standards. Accessed September 4, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:920–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Childs JD, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Eberhart SL. Development of a clinical prediction rule for guiding treatment of a subgroup of patients with neck pain: use of thoracic spine manipulation, exercise, and patient education. Phys Ther 2007;87:9–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Childs JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Man Ther 2005;10:127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Childs JD, Palmer JA. The use of a lumbar spine manipulation technique by physical therapists in patients who satisfy a clinical prediction rule: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36:209–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Glynn P, Whitman JM, Eberhart SL, MacDonald C, Childs JD. Short-term effects of thrust versus nonthrust mobilization/manipulation directed at the thoracic spine in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther 2007;87:431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine 2002;27:2835–2843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Childs JD, Flynn TW. Pragmatic application of a clinical prediction rule in primary care to identify patients with low back pain with a good prognosis following a brief spinal manipulation intervention. BMC Fam Pract 2005;6:29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine 2002;27:1835–1843; discussion 1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostendorp RAB. Manual Physical Therapy in the Netherlands: reflecting on the past and planning for the future in an international perspective. J Man Manip Ther 2007;15:133–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huijbregts PA. Chiropractic legal challenges to the physical therapy scope of practice: anybody else taking the ethical high ground? J Man Manip Ther 2007;15:69–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maigne JY, Vautravers P. Mechanism of action of spinal manipulative therapy. Joint Bone Spine 2003;70:336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JK. Spinal manipulative therapy techniques: evaluating the mechanistic assumptions [thesis]. West Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: University of Waterloo; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Vernon H. Qualitative review of studies of manipulation-induced hypoalgesia. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:134–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicenzino B, Collins D, Benson H, Wright A. An investigation of the interrelationship between manipulative therapy-induced hy- poalgesia and sympathoexcitation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;21:448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright A. Hypoalgesia post-manipulative therapy: a review of a potential neurophysiological mechanism. Man Ther 1995;1:11–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assendelft WJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG. Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; CD000447.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst E, Canter PH. A systematic review of systematic reviews of spinal manipulation. J R Soc Med 2006;99:192–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman JM, Fritz JM, Childs JD. The influence of experience and specialty certifications on clinical outcomes for patients with low back pain treated within a standardized physical therapy management program. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34:662–672; discussion 672–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainner RS, Flynn TW, Whitman JW. Spinal and Extremity Manipulation: The Basic Skill Set for Physical Therapists [CD-ROM software]. San Antonio, TX: Manipulations Inc; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Greenman P. Principles of Manual Medicine. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Maitland G, Hengeveld E, Banks K, English K. Maitland’s Vertebral Manipulation. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie R. The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Beffa R, Mathews R. Does the adjustment cavitate the targeted joint? An investigation into the location of cavitation sounds. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2004;27: e2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beneck GJ, Kulig K, Landel RF, Powers CM. The relationship between lumbar segmental motion and pain response produced by a posterior- to-anterior force in persons with nonspecific low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005;35:203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiradejnant A, Latimer J, Maher CG, Stepkovitch N. Does the choice of spinal level treated during posteroanterior (PA) mobilisation affect treatment outcome? Physiother Theor Pract 2002;18:
   Google Scholar
• Chiradejnant A MC, Latimer J, Stepkovitch N. Efficacy of “therapist- selected” versus “randomly selected” mobilisation techniques for the treatment of low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2003;49:233–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas M, Groupp E, Panzer D, Partna L, Lumsden S, Aickin M. Efficacy of cervical endplay assessment as an indicator for spinal manipulation. Spine 2003;28:1091–1096; discussion 1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulig K, Landel R, Powers CM. Assessment of lumbar spine kinematics using dynamic MRI: a proposed mechanism of sagittal plane motion induced by manual posterior-to-anterior mobilization. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34:57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee R, Evans J. An in vivo study of the intervertebral movements produced by posteroanterior mobilization. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1997;12:400–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee RY, Tsung BY, Tong P, Evans J. Bending stiffness of the lumbar spine subjected to posteroanterior manipulative force. J Rehabil Res Dev 2005;42:167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JK, Bereznick DE, McGill SM. Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation: is spinal manipulation accurate and specific? Spine 2004;29:1452–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi MM, White AA, 3rd, Brand RA, Jr. A note on defining body parts configurations. J Biomech. 1974;7:385–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White A, Panjabi M. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Lippincott Raven; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology. Terminologia Anatomica. New York, NY: Thieme; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Cook C. Coupling behavior of the lumbar spine: a literature review. J Man Manip Ther 2003;11:137–145.
   Google Scholar
• Cook C, Stickley L, Akram N, Benavides Y, Renz C, Ramey K. Interrater reliability of coupling pattern observations of the pathological lumbar spine: a pilot study. J Man Manip Ther 2004;12:192–198.
   Google Scholar
• Legaspi O, Edmond SL. Does the evidence support the existence of lumbar spine coupled motion? A critical review of the literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37:169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sizer PS, Jr., Brismee JM, Cook C. Coupling behavior of the thoracic spine: a systematic review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2007;30:390–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturesson B, Uden A, Vleeming A. A radiostereometric analysis of movements of the sacroiliac joints during the standing hip flexion test. Spine 2000;25:364–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billis EV, Foster NE, Wright CC. Reproducibility and repeatability: errors of three groups of physiotherapists in locating spinal levels by palpation. Man Ther 2003;8:223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boline PD, Haas M, Meyer JJ, Kassak K, Nelson C, Keating JC, Jr. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality: Part II. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1993;16:363–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt C, Sole G, Krause MW, Nel M. An evidence-based review on the validity of the Kaltenborn rule as applied to the glenohumeral joint. Man Ther 2007;12:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt BF, Snider KT, Snider EJ, Johnson JC. Interobserver reliability of osteopathic palpatory diagnostic tests of the lumbar spine: improvements from consensus training. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2005;105:465–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downey BJ, Taylor NF, Niere KR. Manipulative physiotherapists can reliably palpate nominated lumbar spinal levels. Man Ther 1999;4:151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Lumbar spine segmental mobility assessment: an examination of validity for determining intervention strategies in patients with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1745–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks GE, Fritz JM, Delitto A, Mishock J. Interrater reliability of clinical examination measures for identification of lumbar segmental instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1858–1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts PA. Spinal motion palpation: a review of reliability studies. J Man Manip Ther 2002;10:24–39.
   Google Scholar
• Maher CG, Latimer J, Adams R. An investigation of the reliability and validity of posteroanterior spinal stiffness judgments made using a reference-based protocol. Phys Ther 1998;78:829–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie AM, Taylor NF. Can physiotherapists locate lumbar spinal levels by palpation? Physiotherapy 1997;83:235–239.
   Google Scholar
• Sebastian D, Chovvath R. Reliability of palpation assessment in nonneutral dysfunctions of the lumbar spine. Orthop Phys Ther Pract 2004;16:23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Palmer JA. The reliability and construct validity of the Neck Disability Index and patient specific functional scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Spine 2006;31:598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson M, Keating JL. A comparison of five low back disability questionnaires: reliability and responsiveness. Phys Ther 2002;82:8–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Battie M, Beurskens AJ, et al. Outcome measures for low back pain research. A proposal for standardized use. [Erratum appears in Spine. 1999;15:418]. Spine 1998;23:2003–2013.
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC. The use of revised Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Spine 2000;25:2846–2847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O’Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 1980;66:271–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry Disability Index. Spine 2000;25:2940–2952; discussion 2952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main CJ. A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear- avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain 1993;52:157–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992;17:617–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar