Vertebral Artery Blood flow Velocity Changes Associated with Cervical Spine rotation: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence with implications for Professional Practice

REFERENCES

• De Kleyn A, Nieuwenhuyse AC. Vertigo and nystagmus with various head positions. Acta Otolaryngol 1927;11:155–157.
   Google Scholar
• Tissington-Tatlow WF, Brammer HG. Syndrome ofvertebral artery compression. Neurology 1957;7:331–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toole JF, Tucker SH. Influence of head position upon cerebral circulation. Arch Neurol 1960;2:616–623.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown BSTJ, Tissington-Tatlow WF. Radiographic studies of the vertebral arteries in cadavers. Radiology 1963;81:80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selecki BR. The effects of rotation of the atlas on the axis: Experimental work. Med J Aust 1969;1:1012–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faris AA, Poser CM, Wilmore DW, Agnew CH. Radiologic visualization of neck vessels in healthy men. Neurology 1963;13:386–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi I, Kaneko S, Asaoka K, Harada T. Angiographic examination of the vertebral artery at the atlantoaxial joint during head rotation. No Shinkei Geka 1994;22:749–753.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartels E, Flugel KA. Evaluation of extracranial vertebral artery dissection with duplex colour-flow imaging. Stroke 1996;27:290–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuether TA, Nesbit GM, Clark WM, Barnwell SL. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion: A mechanism of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Neurosurgery 1997;41:427–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Vertebral artery volume flow in human beings. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999; 22:363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau C, Gilabert R, Chamorro A, Vazquez F, Bargallo N, Bru C. Doppler sonography of the intertransverse segment of the vertebral artery. J Ultrasound Med 2000;19:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau C, Gilabert R, Garcia A, Blasco J, Chamorro A, Bru C. Effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on vertebral artery blood flow: A duplex ultrasonographic evaluation. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito K, Kimura K, Nagatsuka K, et al. Vertebral artery occlusion in duplex color- coded ultrasonography. Stroke 2004; 35: 1068–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trattnig S, Hubsch P, Schuster H, Polzleitner D. Color-coded Doppler imaging of normal vertebral arteries. Stroke 1990;21:1222–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens A. Functional Doppler sonography of the vertebral artery and some considerations about manual techniques. J Man Med 1991;6:102–105.
   Google Scholar
• Rossitti S, Volkmann R, Lofgren J. Changes ofblood flow velocity in the vertebro-basilar circulation during rotation of the head in the normal human. Biomech Sem 1992;6:92–99.
   Google Scholar
• Schoning M, Walter J. Evaluation of the vertebrobasilar-posterior system by transcranial color duplex sonography in adults. Stroke 1992;23:1280–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingart JR, Bischoff HP. Doppler-sonographische Untersuchung der A. vertebralis unter Berucksichtigung chirotherapeutisch relevanter Kopfpositionen. J Man Med 1992;30:62–65.
   Google Scholar
• Refshauge KM. Rotation: A valid pre-ma- nipulative dizziness test? Does it predict safe manipulation? J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1994;17:15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoning M, Walter J, Scheel P. Estimation of cerebral blood flow through color duplex sonography of the carotid and vertebral arteries in healthy adults. Stroke 1994;25:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel H, Wallace K, Donat J, Yong-Hing K. Effects of various head and neck positions on vertebral artery blood flow. Clin Biomech 1994;9:105–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossitti S, Volkmann R. Changes of blood flow velocity indicating mechanical compression of the vertebral arteries during rotation of the head in the normal human measured with transcranial Doppler sonography. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1995;53:26–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haynes MJ. Doppler studies comparing the effects of cervical rotation and lateral flexion on vertebral artery blood flow. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1996;19:378–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weingart JR, Bischoff HP. Farbcodierte Duplexsonographie der A. vertebralis: Abhan- gigkeit von Rotation und Traktion des Kopfes. J Man Med 1997;35:254–257.
   Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hojgaard P, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Triplex ultrasound of vertebral artery flow during cervical rotation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;21:27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hojgaard P, Marving J. Vertebral artery flow and spinal manipulation: A randomized, controlled and observer-blinded study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;21:141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivett DA, Milburn PD, Chapple C. Negative pre-manipulative vertebral artery testing despite occlusion: A case of false negativity? Man Ther 1998;3:102–107.
   Google Scholar
• Li YK, Zhang YK, Lu CM, Zhong SZ. Changes and implications of blood flow velocity of the vertebral artery during rotation and extension of the head. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivett DA, Sharples KJ, Milburn PD. Effect of pre-manipulative tests on vertebral artery and internal carotid artery blood flow: A pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:368–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ. Vertebral arteries and neck rotation: Doppler velocimeter and duplex results compared. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26:57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes M, Hart R, McGeachie J. Vertebral arteries and neck rotation: Doppler velo- cimeter interexaminer reliability. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000;26:1363–1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Is there a role for pre-manipulative testing before cervical manipulation? J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheel P, Ruge C, Schoning M. Flow velocity and flow volume measurements in the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries in healthy adults: Reference data and the effects of age. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000;26: 1261–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheel P, Ruge C, Petruch UR, Schoning M. Color duplex measurement of cerebral blood flow volume in healthy adults. Stroke 2000;31:147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes M, Milne N. Color duplex sonographic findings in human vertebral arteries during cervical rotation. J Clin Ultrasound 2001;29:14–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ. Vertebral arteries and cervical movement: Doppler ultrasound velocime- try for screening before manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25:556–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes MJ, Cala LA, Melsom A, Mastaglia FL, Milne N, McGeachie K. Vertebral arteries and cervical rotation: Modeling and magnetic resonance angiography studies. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25:370–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht PB, Christensen HW, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. Carotid artery blood flow during pre- manipulative testing. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25:568–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. Changes in vertebral artery blood flow following rotation of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2003;26:347–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivett DA, Sharples KJ, Milburn PD. Reliability of ultrasonograpahic measurement of vertebral artery blood flow. NZ J Physio- ther 2003;31:119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Zaina C, Grant R, Johnson C, Dansie B, Taylor J, Spyropolous P. The effect of cervical rotation on blood flow in the contralateral vertebral artery. Man Ther 2003;8:103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold C, Bourassa T, Langer T, Stoneham G. Doppler studies evaluating the effect of a physical therapy screening protocol on vertebral artery blood flow. Man Ther 2004; 9:13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J, Keene D, Dyson C, Harvey L, Pruvey C, Phillips R. Is cervical spine rotation, as used in the standard vertebrobasilar insufficiency test, associated with a measurable change in intracranial vertebral artery blood flow? Man Ther 2004;9:220–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J, Kramschuster K. Real-time ultrasound measurements of changes in suboccipital vertebral artery diameter and blood flow velocity associated with cervical spine rotation. Physiother Res Internat 2009;13: 241–254; D0I:10. 1002/pri.400.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell J, Kramschuster K. Atypical suboccipital vertebral artery blood flow in healthy subjects: Case studies using real-time ultrasound. Physiother Theory Pract 2009; In Pressi
   Google Scholar
• Ozdemir H, Cihangiroglu M, Berilgen S, Bulut S. Effects of cervical rotation on hemodynamics in vertebral arteries. J Diagnostic Med Sonography 2005;21:384–391.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. Doppler insonation of vertebral artery blood flow changes associated with cervical spine rotation: Implications for manual therapists. Physiother Theory Pract 2007;23:303–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell J. Is mechanical deformation of the suboccipital vertebral artery during cervical spine rotation responsible for vertebrobasilar insufficiency? Physiother Res Internat 2008; 13:53–66; D0I:10. 1002/pri.370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parkin PJ, Wallis WE, Wilson JL. Vertebral artery occlusion following manipulation of the neck. NZ Med J 1978;88:441–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas JL, Henin D, Bousser MG, Chain F, Hauw JJ. Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery and cervical manipulation: A case report with autopsy. Neurology 1989; 39:512–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel HW. Gross morphology and patho- anatomy of the vertebral arteries. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;14:133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuether TA, Nesbit GM, Clark WM, Barnwell SL. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion: A mechanism of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Neurosurgery 1997;41:427–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Scraggs M, How T, Burns J. A necropsy and histomorphometric study of abnormalities in the course of the vertebral artery associated with ossified stylohyoid ligaments. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:637–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hufnagel A, Hammers A, Schonle PW, Bohm KD, Leonhardt G. Stroke following chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine. J Neurol 1999;246:683–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth TN, Winslow JL, Mikulis DJ. Rotational changes in the morphology of the vertebral artery at a common site of arterial dissection. Can Assoc Radiol J 2001;52:236–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud TC. Uneventful upper cervical manipulation in the presence of a damaged vertebral artery. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25:472–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy M, Reddy B, Schoggl A, Saringer W, Matula C. The complexity of trauma to the cranio-cervical junction: Correlation of clinical presentation with Doppler flow velocities in the V3-segment of the vertebral arteries. Acta Neurochir 2002;144:575–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog W. Letters to the editor. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2003;26:339–340.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. The vertebral artery: A review of anatomical, histopathological and functional factors influencing blood flow to the hindbrain. Physiother Theory Pract 2005; 21:23–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawchuk GN, Jhangri GS, Hurwitz EL, Wynd S, Haldeman S, Hill MD. The relation between the spatial distribution of vertebral artery compromise and exposure to cervical manipulation. J Neurol 2008;255:371–377; Epub 2008 Jan 15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger BR, 0kazaki H. Vertebral-basilar distribution infarction following chiropractic cervical manipulation. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:322–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellhas KP, Latchaw RE, Wendling LR, Gold LHA. Vertebrobasilar injuries following cervical manipulation. JAMA 1980; 244:1450–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton PS, Stick PE, Lord RSA. Failure of clinical tests to predict cerebral ischemia before neck manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989;12:304–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann T, Refshauge KM. Causes of complications from cervical spine manipulation. Austr J Physiother 2001;47:255–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganong WF. Review of Medical Physiology. 22nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Aaslid R. Transcranial Doppler Sonography. Vienna, Austria: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Newell DW, Aaslid R. Transcranial Doppler. New York: Raven Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Kerry R, Taylor AJ, Mitchell J, McCarthy C. Cervical arterial dysfunction and manual therapy: A critical literature review to inform professional practice. Man Ther 2008; 13:278–288; DOI:10.1016/j.math.2007.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote P, Kreitz BG, Cassidy JD, Thiel H. The validity of the extension-rotation test as a clinical screening procedure before neck manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1996;19:159–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivett D, Sharples K, Milburn P. Vertebral artery blood flow during pre-manipulative testing of the cervical spine. Proc IF- OMT-2000: Past-Present-Future, 387–390.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhtadze MA, Galaguza VN, Sidorskaya NV. Comparison of peak systolic blood flow velocity in extracranial segments of the vertebral arteries in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency and healthy volunteers. Duplex scan investigation. J Man Ther 2006;4:7–12.
   Google Scholar
• Friedenberg ZB, Edeiken J, Spencer HN, To- lentino SC. Degenerative changes in the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1959;41:61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan S, Bauer B, Meyer JS. Vertebral artery compression in cervical spondylosis: Arteriographic demonstration during life of vertebral artery insufficiency due to rotation and extension of the neck. Neurology 1960;10:968–986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwan AJ. The role of cervical spondylosis in the aetiology of cerebral embolism. Brit J Clin Pract 1967;21:465–468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith DR, Vander Ark GD, Kempe LG. Cervical spondylosis causing vertebrobasilar insufficiency: A surgical treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1971;34:388–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lestini WF, Wiesel SW. The pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1989; 239:69–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon JV. Arthritis of the cervical spine. Mt Sinai J Med 1994;61:204–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebraheim NA, Lu J, Brown JA, Biyani A, Yeasting RA. Vulnerability of the vertebral artery in anterolateral decompression for cervical spondylosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1996; 322:146–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavdar S, Dalcik H, Ercan F, Arbak S, Arifo-glu Y. A morphological study on the V2 segment of the vertebral artery. Okajimas Folia Anat 1996;73:133–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell J. Differences between left and right suboccipital and intracranial vertebral artery dimensions: An influence on blood flow to the hindbrain? Physiother Res Internat 2004;9:85–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar