The Measurement of Balance Post-Stroke. Part 3: Instrumented Measurement Tools

REFERENCES

• Ballinger C, Ashbum A, Low J, Roderick P. Unpacking the black box of therapy — a pilot study to describe occupational therapy and physiotherapy interventions for people with stroke. Clin Rehabil 1999; 13:301–09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon S, Ashburn A. The Bobath Concept in stroke rehabilitation; a focus group study of experienced physiotherapists’ perspective. Disab Rehabil 2000; 22:665–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge C. Evaluation of physiotherapy for people with stroke. London: Kings Fund, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Ashburn A. A review of current physiotherapy in the management of stroke. In: Harrison MA (ed.) Physiotherapy in stroke management. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Effective Health Care Bulletin. No. 2. Stroke Rehabilitation. Leeds University Printing Service, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Ashburn A, Partridge C, De Souza L. Physiotherapy in the rehabilitation of stroke: A review. Clin Rehabil 1993; 7:337–45
   Google Scholar
• Partridge C, Cornall C, Lynch M, Greenwood R. Physical Therapies. In: Greenwood R, Barnes M, McMillan T, Ward C (eds) Neurological Rehabilitation. London: Mosby Hall, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Kwakkel G. Dynamics in functional recovery after stroke. PhD thesis: University of Amsterdam, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L. The effectiveness of rehabilitation; a critical review of the evidence, introduction. Clin Rehabil 1999; 13 (suppl 1):3–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston R and Brouwer B. Reliability and validity of measures obtained from stroke patients using the Balance Master. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77:425–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman MN, Colby LA, Sachs LA, Nichols DS. Comparison of upper extremity balance tests and force platform testing in persons with hemiparesis. Phys Ther 1997; 77:1052–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickstein R, Dvir Z, Jehousa E, Rois M, Pillar T. Automatic and voluntary lateral weight shifts in rehabilitation of hemiplegic patients. Clin Rehabil 1994; 8:91–99
   Google Scholar
• Dickstein R and Dvir Z. Quantitative evaluation of stance balance performance in the clinic using a novel measuring device. Physiother Can 1993; 45:102–08
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine D, Whittle D, Beach J, Ollard P. Test -retest reliability of the Chattx Balance System in patients with hemiplegia. J Rehabil Res Dev 1996; 33:36–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFabio R, Badke M. Relationship of sensory organisation to balance function in patients with hemiplegia. Phys Ther 1990; 70:542–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettmann M, Linder M, Sepic S. Relationships between walking performance, postural stability and functional assessments of the hemiplegic patient. Am J Phys Med 1987; 66:77–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevenson T, Garland J. Standing balance during internally produced perturbations in subjects with hemiplegia: validation of the balance scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77:656–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Maki B, Williams J, Holliday P, Wood-Dauphinee S. Clinical and Laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73:1073–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai Y, Rogers M, Hedman L, Hanke T. Alterations in weight- transfer capabilities in adults with hemiparesis. Phys Ther 1994; 74:647–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstein C, Gardner E, McNeal D, Barto P, Nicholson D. Standing balance training: Effect on balance and locomotion in hemiparetic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70:755–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson A, Frykberg G. Correlations between forceplate measures for assessment of balance. Clin Biomech 2000; 15:365–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashburn A. Sitting balance responses; Comparison of subjects with hemiplegia and normal controls. Proceedings of Physiotherapy Research Society. Physiotherapy 1996; 82:636
   Google Scholar
• Ashburn A. A study of normal sitting balance responses. Proceedings of Physiotherapy Research Society. Physiotherapy 1996; 82:636
   Google Scholar
• Geurts A, Nienhuis B, Mulder T. Intra-subject variability of selected force platform parameters in the quantification of postural control. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74:1144–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes M, Duncan P, Rose D, Chandler J, Studenski S. The relationship of postural sway to sensori-motor function, functional performance, and disability in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77:567–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas B, Whitmarsh T. Inter- and intra- tester reliability of the Balance Performance Monitor in a non-patientpopulation. Physiother Res Int 1998; 3:135–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haas B, Burden AM. Validity of weight distribution and sway measurements of the Balance Performance Monitor. Physiother Res Int 2000; 5:19–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinman M. Validity and reliability of measures obtained from the Balance Performance Monitor during quiet standing. Physiotherapy 1997; 83:579–81
   Google Scholar
• Le Clair K, Riach C. Postural stability measures: what to measure and for how long. Clin Biomech 1996; 11:176–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie P, Bach T, Evans O. Force platform measures for evaluating postural control: Reliability and validity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70:510–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackley C, Lincoln N. Weight distribution and postural sway in healthy adults. Clin Rehabil 1991; 5:181–86
   Google Scholar
• Duncan P, Studenski S, Chandler J, Bloomfeld R, LaPointe L. Electromyographic analysis of postural adjustments in two methods of balance testing. Phys Ther 1990; 70:88–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer S, Burns Y, Galley P. Lateral Reach: A clinical measure of medio-lateral postural stability. Physiother Res Int 1999; 4:81–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owings T, Pavol M, Foley K, et al. Measures of postural stability are not predictors of recovery from large postural disturbances in healthy older adults JAGS 2000;48:42–50
   Google Scholar
• Powell ES, Pyburn R, Hill E, et al. Measurement of sitting balance using the Manchester Active Position Seat (MAPS) A feasibility study. Clin Rehabil 2002; 16:661–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright B. A simple mechanical ataxia-meter. J Physiol 1971; 218:27–28 P
   Google Scholar
• Dickstein D, Abulaffio N, Gelernter I, Pillar T. An ultrasonic- operated kinematic measurement system for assessment of stance balance in the clinic. Clin Biomech 1996; 11:173–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocklehurst J, Robertson D, James-Groom P. Clinical correlates of sway in old age — sensory modalities. Age Ageing 1982; 11:1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald JE, Murray A, Elliot C, Birchall J. Comparison of balance assessment by sway magnetometry and force platforms. Arch Otol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119:41–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot C, Murray A. Repeatability of body sway measurements; day-to-day variation measured by sway magnetometry. Physiol Measurement 1998; 19:159–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamen G, Patten C, Du CD, Sison S. An accelerometry- based system for the assessment of balance and postural sway. Gerontol 1998; 44:40–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon R, Waldron R. Weight-bearing during comfortable stance in patients with stroke: Accuracy and reliability measurements. Aus J Physiother 1991; 37:19–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caldwell C, MacDonald D, MacNeil K, McFArland K, Turnbull G, Wall J. Symmetry of weight distribution in normals and stroke patients using digital scales. Phys Prac 1986; 2: 109–16
   Google Scholar
• Sackley C. The relationship between weight-bearing asymmetry after stroke, motor function and activities of daily living. Physiother Theory Prac 1990; 6:179–85
   Google Scholar
• Nichols D, Miller L, Colby L, Pease W. Sitting balance: Its relation to function in individuals with hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77:865–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock A, Durward B, Rowe P. Symmetry of weight distribution during sitting in subjects with recently acquired stroke. Proceeding of Physiotherapy Research Society. Physiotherapy 1998; 84:402
   Google Scholar
• Nichols D, Glenn T, Hutchinson K. Changes in the mean centre of balance during balance testing in young adults. Phys Ther 1995; 75:699–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean C, Shepherd R. Task related training improves performance of seated reaching tasks after stroke; A randomised controlled trial. Stroke 1997; 28:722–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing A, Barton J, Turton A, Howick I. Regulation of lateral position of body centre of mass in standing balance. Physio ther Theory Prac 1992; 8:131–35
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson L, Whipple R, Amerman P, Kleinberg A. Stressing the postural response — quantitative method for testing balance. JAGS 1986; 34:845–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler J, Duncan P, Studenski S. Balance performance on the Postural Stress Test; Comparison of young adults, healthy elders and fallers. Phys Ther 1990; 70:410–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harburn K, Hill K, Kramer J, Noh S, Vandervoot A, Teasell R. Clinical applicability and test-retest reliability of an external perturbation test of balance in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995; 76:317–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W, Deming L, Sahgal V. Quantitative and clinical measures of static standing balance in hemiparetic and normal subjects. Phys Ther 1988; 68:970–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing A, Goodrich S, Virji-Babul N, Jenner J, Clapp S. Balance evaluation in hemiparetic stroke patients using lateral forces applied to the hip. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74:292–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar