Sequestration: causes and consequences

REFERENCES

• Murphy SC, Breman JG. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurological sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, and complications of pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64 (Suppl): 57-67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallup JL, Sachs JD. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64: 85–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C et al. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1399–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster DR, Kwiatkowski D, White NJ. Neurological sequelae of cerebral malaria in children. Lancet 1990; 336: 1039–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holding PA, Snow RW. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64: 68–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C et al. A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 395–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64 (Suppl): 28-35.
   Google Scholar
• MacPherson GG, Warrell MJ, White NJ, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA. Human cerebral malaria. A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of parasitized erythrocyte sequestration. Am J Pathol 1985; 119: 385–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E et al. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 2002; 419: 498–511.
   Google Scholar
• Kyes S, Taylor H, Craig A, Marsh K, Newbold C. Genomic representation of var gene sequences in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from different geographic regions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 87: 235–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer TA. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 1994; 76: 301–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau GE, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wirima JJ, Vassalli P. Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1586–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner GDH, Morrison H, Jones M et al. Animmunohistochemical study of the pathology of fatal malaria. Evidence for widespread endothelial activation and a potential role for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cerebral sequestration. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 1057–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried M, Duffy PE. Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 1996; 272: 1502–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeson JG, Rogerson SJ, Cooke BM et al. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria. Nat Med 2000; 6: 86–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruch DI, Ma XC, Singh HB, Bi X, Pasloske BL, Howard RJ. Identification of a region of PfEMP1 that mediates adherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to CD36: conserved function with variant sequence. Blood 1997; 90: 3766–3775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeder JC, Cowman AF, Davern KM et al. The adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A is mediated by PfEMPl. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 5198–5202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JD, Craig AG, Kriek N et al. Identification of a Plasmodium-falciparum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 binding domain: a parasite adhesion trait implicated in cerebral malaria. Proc Nall Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 1766–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson BA, Welch TL, Smith JD. Widespread functional specialization of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 family members to bind CD36 analysed across a parasite genome. Mol Microbiol 2003; 47: 1265–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmer CJ, Kern P, Holst FGE et al. Activation of the host response in human Plasmodium falciparum malaria: relation of parasitemia to tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, thrombin-antithrombin III, and protein C levels. Am J Med 1991; 91: 37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens R, Pramoolsinsap C, Lorenz R, Pukrittayakamee S, Bock HL, White NJ. Activation of the coagulation cascade in severe malaria through the intrinsic pathway. Brit J Haemat1994; 87: 100-105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty D, Ghosh K, Nandwani SK et al. Fibrinolysis, inhibitors of blood coagulation, and monocyte derived coagulant activity in acute malaria. Am J Hematol 1997; 54: 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura T, Sugiyama T, Cuevas LE, Makunde R, Nakamura S. Expression of tissue factor, the clotting initiator, on macrophages in Plasmodium falciparum-infected placentas. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau GE, Mackenzie CD, Can RA et al. Platelet accumulation in brain microvessels in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 461–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts D, Pain A, Kai O, Kortok M, Marsh K.Autoagglutination of malaria-infected red blood cells and malaria severity. Lancet 2000; 355: 1427–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pain A, Ferguson DJ, Kai O et al. Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is a common adhesive phenotype and is associated with severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 1805–1810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski D, Hill AVS, Sambou I et al. TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet 1990; 336: 1201–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried M, Muga RO, Misore AO, Duffy PE. Malaria elicits type 1 cytokines in the human placenta: IFN-7 and TNF-a associated with pregnancy outcomes. J Immunol 1998; 160: 2523–2530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moormann AM, Sullivan AD, Rochford RA et al. Malaria and pregnancy: placental cytokine expression and its relationship to intrauterine growth retardation. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1987–1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogerson SJ, Brown HC, Pollina E et al. Placental tumor necrosis factor alpha but not gamma interferon is associated with placental malaria and low birth weight in Malawian women. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 267–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez C, Ordi J, Ismail MR et al. The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1740–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogerson SJ, Pollina E, Getachew A, Tadesse E, Lema VM, Molyneux ME. Placental monocyte infiltrates in response to Plasmodium falciparum infection and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68: 115–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordi J, Ismail MR, Ventura P et al. Massive chronic intervillositis of the placenta associated with malarial infection. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 1006–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams ET, Brown H, Chensue SW et al. Host response to malaria during pregnancy: placental monocyte recruitment is associated with elevated beta chemokine expression. J Immunol 2003; 170: 2759–2764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGilvray ID, Serghides L, Kapus A, Rotstein OD, Kain KC. Nonopsonic monocyte/macrophage phagocytosis of Plasmodium fakiparum-parasitized erythrocytes: a role for CD36 in malarial clearance. Blood 2000; 96: 3231–3240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artavanis-Tsakonas K, Riley EM. Innate immune response to malaria: rapid induction of IFN-gamma from human NK cells by live Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J Immunol 2002; 169: 2956–2963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield L, Hackett F. Signal transduction in host cells by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of malaria parasites. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer E, Kuhn H, Valente E, Arese P. Malaria-parasitized erythrocytes and hemozoin nonenzymatically generate large amounts of hydroxy fatty acids that inhibit monocyte functions. Blood 2003; 101: 722–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar