REFERENCES
- Phillips SA, Thornalley PJ. The formation of methylglyoxal from triosephosphates. Investigation using a specific assay for methylglyoxal. Eur J Biochem 1993; 212: 101–105.
- Lyles GA, Chalmers J. The metabolism of aminoacetone to methylglyoxal by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in human umbilical artery. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43: 1409–1414.
- Uribarri J, Peppa M, Cai W et al. Restriction of dietary glycotoxins reduces excessive advanced glycation end products in renal failure patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 728–731.
- Wells-Knecht KJ, Zyzak DV, Litchfield JE, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Mechanism of autoxidative glycosylation: identification of glyoxal and arabinose as intermediates in the autoxidative modification of proteins by glucose. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 3702–3709.
- Shangari N, O'Brien PJ. The cytotoxic mechanism of glyoxal involves oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68: 1433–1442.
- Thornalley PJ. The glyoxalase system in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 1993; 14: 287–372.
- McLellan AC, Thornalley PJ, Benn J, Sonksen PH. Glyoxalase system in clinical diabetes mellitus and correlation with diabetic complications. Clin Sci 1994; 87: 21–29.
- Lapolla A, Flamini R, Vedova AD et al. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal levels in diabetic patients: Quantitative determination by a new GC/MS method. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41: 1166–1173.
- Odani H, Shinzato T, Matsumoto Y, Usami J, Maeda K. Increase in three ad3-dicarbonyl compound levels in human uremic plasma: specific in vivo determination of intermediates in advanced Maillard reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256: 89–93.
- Kuhla B, Luth HJ, Haferburg D, Boeck K, Arendt T, Munch G. Methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and their detoxification in Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1043: 211–216.
- Akhland AA, Hossain H, Mitsui M et al. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal trigger distinct signals for MAP family kinases and caspase activation in human endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 20–30.
- Fukunaga M, Miyata S, Liu BF et al. Methylglyoxal induces apoptosis through activation of p38 MAPK in rat Schwann cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320: 689–695.
- Di Loreto S, Caracciolo V, Colafarina S, Sebastiani P, Gasbarri A, Amicarelli F. Methylglyoxal induces oxidative stress-dependent cell injury and up-regulation of interleukin-1 and nerve growth factor in cultured hippocampal neuronal cells. Brain Res 2004; 1006: 157–167.
- Ahmed MU, Brinkmann FE, Degenhardt TP, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. N-epsilon-(carboxymethyplysine, a product of the chemical modification of proteins by methylglyoxal, increase with age in human lens proteins. Biochem J1997; 324: 565-570.
- Rosca MG, Mustafa TG, Kinter MT et al. Glycation of mitochondrial proteins from diabetic rat kidney is associated with excess superoxide formation. Am J Physiol 2005; 289: F420–F430.
- Ankrah NA, Appiah-Opong R. Toxicity of low levels of methylglyoxal: depletion of blood glutathione and adverse effect on glucose tolerance in mice. Toxicol Lett 1999; 109: 61–67.
- Nukaya H, Inaoka Y, Ishida H et al. Modification of the amino group of guanosine by methylglyoxal and other a-ketoaldehydes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Chem Pharm Bull 1993; 41: 649–653.
- Halliwell B, Clement MV, Long LH. Hydrogen peroxide in the human body. FEBS Lett 2000; 486: 10–13.
- Shangari N, Bruce WR, Poon R, O'Brien PJ. Toxicity of glyoxals - role of oxidative stress, metabolic detoxification and thiamine deficiency. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31: 1390–1393.
- Buettner GR. Spin trapping: ESR parameters of spin adducts. Free Radic Biol Med 1987; 3: 259–303.
- Kohno M, Yamada M, Mitsuta K, Mizuta Y, Yoshikawa T. Spin-trapping studies on the reaction of iron complexes with peroxides and the effects of water-soluble antioxidants. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 1001; 64: 1447-1453.