The effects of age and gender on lip function in a normal adult population

References

• Adams SG, Weismer G, Kent RD. Speaking rate and speech movement velocity profiles. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1993; 36: 41–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amerman JD. A maximum-force-dependent protocol for assessing labial force control. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1993; 36: 460–465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballard KJ, Robin DA, Woodworth G, Zimba LD. Age-related changes in motor control during articulator visuomotor tracking. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2001; 44: 763–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow SM, Abbs JH. Force transducers for the evaluation of labial, lingual, and mandibular motor impairments. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1983; 26: 616–621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow SM, Burton MK. Ramp-and-hold force control in the upper and lower lips: Developing new neuromotor assessment applications in traumatically brain injured adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1990; 33: 660–675.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow SM, Cole KJ, Abbs JH. A new head-mounted lip-jaw movement transduction system for the study of motor speech disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1983; 26: 283–288.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow SM, Muller EM. The relation between interangle span in vivo resultant force in perioral muscu-lature. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1991; 34: 252–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow SM, Netsell R. Differential fine force control of the upper and lower lips. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1986; 29: 163–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow SM, Rath EM. Maximum voluntary closing forces in the upper and lower lips of humans. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1985; 28: 373–376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow SM, Suing G. Force: Automated digital signal processing program for parametric analysis of muscle forces in the orofacial mechanism. Journal for Computer Uses in Speech and Hearing 1991; 7: 228–250.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell MJ, McComas AJ, Petito F. Physiological changes in aging muscle. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1973; 36: 174–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty TJ, Vandervoort AA, Brown WF. Effects of ageing on the motor unit: A brief review. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 1993; 18: 331–358.
   Google Scholar
• Freilich RJ, Kirsner RL, Byrne E. Isometric strength and thickness relationships in human quadriceps muscle. Neuromuscular Disorders 1995; 5: 415–422.
   Google Scholar
• Gatton ML, Pearcy MJ, Pettet GJ. Difficulties in estimating muscle forces from muscle cross-sectional area: An example using the psoas major muscle. Spine 1999; 24: 1487–1493.
   Google Scholar
• Goozée JV, Murdoch BE Theodoros DG, Thompson EC. The effects of age and gender on laryngeal aerodynamics. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 1998; 33: 221–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton VA, Arokiasamy WMC. Maximum interlabial pressures in normal speakers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1997; 40: 400–404.
   Google Scholar
• Hinton VA, Luschei ES. Validation of a modern miniature transducer for the measurement of interlabial contact pressure during speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1992; 35: 245–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiritani S. X-ray microbeam method for measurement of articulatory dynamics—techniques and results. Speech Communication 1986; 5: 119–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiritani S, Itoh K, Fujimura O. Tongue-pellet tracking by a computer-controlled X-ray microbeam system. Journal of Acoustic Society of America 1975; 57: 1516–1520.
   Google Scholar
• LaFratta CW, Canestrari R. A comparison of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities as related to age. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1966; 47: 286–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lexell J, Taylor CC, Sjoström M. What is the cause of aging atrophy? Total number, size, and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15-83 year old men. Journal of Neurological Science 1988; 84: 275–294.
   Google Scholar
• Lubker JF, Parris PJ. Simultaneous measurements of intraoral pressure, force of labial contact, and labial electromyographic activity during production of the stop consonant cognates /p/ and /b/. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1970; 47: 625–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComas AL Skeletal Muscle: Form and function. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil MR, Weismer G, Adams S, Mulligan M. Oral structure nonspeech motor control in normal, dysarthric, aphasic, and apraxie speakers: Isometric forces and static position control. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1990; 33: 255–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller EM., Milenkovic P.H., MacLeod G.E. Perioral tissue mechanics during speech production. In C DeLisi, J Eisenfeld eds. Mathematics and Computers in Biomedical Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, 1985; pp363–371.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson KG, Kimura D. Sex differences for speech and manual skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1996; 82: 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson EC, Murdoch BE, Stokes PD. Interlabial contact pressures during performance of speech and nonspeech tasks in young adults. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology 1997; 5: 191 —199.
   Google Scholar
• Wohlert AB. Reflex responses of lip muscles in young and older women. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1996; 39: 578–589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wohlert AB, Smith A. Spatiotemporal stability of lip movements in older adult speakers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 1998; 41: 41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar