Residual stresses, microstructure and tensile properties in Ti–6Al–4V friction stir welds

References

• Romero J, Attallah MM, Preuss M, Karadge M, Bray SE: ‘Effect of the forging pressure on the microstructure and residual stress development in Ti–6Al–4V linear friction welds’, Acta Mater., 2009, 57, 5582–5592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas WM, Nicholas ED: ‘Friction stir welding for the transportation industries’, Mater. Des., 1997, 18, (4–6), 269–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John R, Jata KV, Sadananda K: ‘Residual stress effects on near-threshold fatigue crack growth in friction stir welds in aerospace alloys’, Int. J. Fatigue, 2003, 25, (9–11), 939–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandan R, DebRoy T, Bhadeshia H: ‘Recent advances in friction-stir welding – process, weldment structure and properties’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2008, 53, (6), 980–1023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Threadgill PL, Leonard AJ, Shercliff HR, Withers PJ: ‘Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys’, Int. Mater. Rev., 2009, 54, (2), 49–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattingh DG, Blignault C, van Niekerk TI, James MN: ‘Characterization of the influences of FSW tool geometry on welding forces and weld tensile strength using an instrumented tool’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 203, (1–3), 46–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattingh DG, van Niekerk TI, Blignault C, James MN: ‘Analysis of the FSW force footprint and its relationship with the process parameters to optimise weld performance and tool design’, IIW J. Weld. World, 2004, 48, (1–2), 50–58.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Liu CD, Liu P, Liu QW: ‘The stir zone microstructure and its formation mechanism in Ti–6Al–4V friction stir welds’, Scr. Metall. Mater., 2009, 61, 596–599.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sata YS, Kokawa H, Park SHC, Hirano S: ‘Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V friction stir welds’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A485, 448–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sato YS, Kokawa H, Park SHC, Hirano S: ‘Stir zone microstructure of commercial purity titanium friction stir welded using pcBN tool’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A488, (1–2), 25–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratini L, Micari F, Buffa G, Ruisi VF: ‘A new fixture for FSW processes of titanium alloys’, CIRP Ann., 59, (1), 271–274.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Liu HJ: ‘Effect of 0·3 wt% hydrogen addition on the friction stir welding characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V alloy and mechanism of hydrogen-induced effect’, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35, (16), 8733–8741.
   Google Scholar
• Pilchak A, Tang W, Sahiner H, Reynolds A, Williams J: ‘Microstructure evolution during friction stir welding of mill-annealed Ti–6Al–4V’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, 42A, (3), 745–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querin JA, Rubisof HA, Schneider JA: ‘Effect of weld tool geometry on friction stir welded Ti–6Al–4V’, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on ‘Trends in welding research 2008’, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, June 2008, ASM International, 108–112.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Liu HJ, Liu QW: ‘Effect of process parameters on stir zone microstructure in Ti–6Al–4V friction stir welds’, J. Mater. Sci., 2010, 45, 39–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilchak AL, Juhas MC, Williams JC: ‘Microstructural changes due to friction stir processing of investment-cast Ti–6Al–4V’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2007, 38A, 401–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasta S, Reynolds AP: ‘Residual stress effects on fatigue crack growth in a Ti–6Al–4V friction stir weld’, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2008, 31, (7), 569–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasta S, Reynolds AP: ‘Evaluation of residual stresses during fatigue test in an FSW joint’, Strain, 2008, 44, (2), 147–152.
   Google Scholar
• Liu HJ, Zhou L, Liu QW: ‘Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy’, Mater Des., 2009, 31, (3), 1650–1655.
   Google Scholar
• Lutjering G: ‘Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (alpha+beta) titanium alloys’, Mater. Sci. Eng A, 1998, A243, (1–2), 32–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton AM, Raghunathan SL, Bantounas I, Stone HJ, Lindley TC, Dye D: ‘Evolution of lattice strain in Ti–6Al–4V during tensile loading at room temperature’, Acta Mater., 2008, 56, (20), 6186–6196.
   Google Scholar
• Preuss M, Withers PJ, Maire E, Buffiere JY: ‘SiC single fibre full-fragmentation during straining in a Ti–6Al–4V matrix studied by synchrotron X-rays’, Acta Mater., 2002, 50, (12), 3175–3190.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Rabe U, Arnold W: ‘Mapping of elastic stiffness in an α+β titanium alloy using atomic force acoustic microscopy’, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., 2008, 47, 6077.
   Google Scholar
• Mante F, Baran G, Lucas B: ‘Nanoindentation studies of titanium single crystals’, Biomaterials, 1999, 20, 1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen I, Ramamurty U: ‘Elastic modulus of Ti–6Al–4V–xB alloys with B up to 0·55 wt.%’, Scr. Metall. Mater., 2010, 62, 37.
   Google Scholar
• Fan Z: ‘On the Young’s moduli of Ti–6Al–4V alloys’, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1993, 29, 1427.
   Google Scholar
• Larson AC, Von Dreele RB: ‘General Structure Analysis System (GSAS)’, Report no. LAUR 86-748, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Jones RE, Loftus ZS: ‘Friction stir welding of 5mm Ti–6Al–4V’, Proc. 6th Int. Friction Stir Symp., Saint-Sauveur, Que., Canada, October 2006, TWI, Paper 58.
   Google Scholar
• Peel M, Steuwer A, Preuss M, Withers PJ: ‘Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses as a function of welding speed in aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds’, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, (16), 4791–4801.
   Google Scholar
• Steuwer A, Santisteban JR, Turski M, Withers PJ, Buslaps T: ‘High-resolution strain mapping in bulk samples using full-profile analysis of energy-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction data’, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2004, 37, 883–889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers PJ, Preuss M, Steuwer A, Pang JWL: ‘Methods for obtaining the strain-free lattice parameter when using diffraction to determine residual stress’, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2007, 40, (5), 891–904.
   Google Scholar
• Withers PJ, Clarke AP: ‘A neutron diffraction study of load partitioning in continuous Ti/Sic composites’, Acta Mater., 1998, 46, (18), 6585–6598.
   Google Scholar
• Steuwer A, Peel M, Withers PJ: ‘Dissimilar friction stir welds in AA5083–AA6082. The effect of process parameters on residual stress’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, A441, (1–2), 187–196.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard H, Hattingh DG, Steuwer A, James MN: ‘Effect of process parameters on the residual stresses in AA5083-H321 friction stir welds’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, A501, (1–2), 119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peel MJ, Steuwer A, Withers PJ: ‘Dissimilar friction stir welds in AA5083–AA6082. Part II: Process parameter effects on microstructure’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37A, (7), 2195–2206.
   Google Scholar
• Peel MJ, Steuwer A, Withers PJ, Dickerson T, Shi Q, Shercliff H: ‘Dissimilar friction stir welds in AA5083–AA6082. Part I: Process parameter effects on thermal history and weld properties’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37A, (7), 2183–2193.
   Google Scholar
• Steuwer A, Barnes SJ, Altenkirch J, Johnson R, Withers PJ: ‘Friction stir welding of HSLA-65 steel. Part II: The influence of weld speed and tool material on the residual stress distribution and tool wear’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, to be published.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard H, Hattingh DG, Steuwer A, James MN: ‘Effect of process parameters on the residual stresses in AA5083-H321 friction stir welds’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, A501, (1–2), 119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar