Itraconazole or allopurinol in the treatment of chronic American trypanosomiasis: the results of clinical and parasitological examinations 11 years post-treatment

REFERENCES

• Ahmed, R. & Gray, D. (1996). Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their rela-tion. Science, 272,54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, A., Zicker, F., Oliveira, R., Silva, S., Luquetti, A., Travassos, L., Almeida, I., Andrade, S., Andrade, J. & Martelli, C. (1996). Randomized trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early Ttypanosoma cruzi infection. Lancet, 348, 1407–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, S., Pimentel, A., de Souza, M. & Andrade, Z. (2000). Instersticial dendritic cells of the heart harbor Ttypanosoma cruzi antigens in experimentally infected dogs: importance for the pathogenesis of chagasic myocarditis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 63, 64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apt, W., Aguilera, X., Arribada, A., Gómez, L., Miles, M. & Widmer, G. (1987). Epidemiology of Chagas disease in northern Chile: isoenzyrne profile of Ttypanosoma cruzi from domestic and silvatic trans-mission cycles and their associations with cardio-pathy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 37, 302–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apt, W., Aguilera, X., Arribada, A., Pérez, C., Miranda, C., Sanchez, G., Zulantay, I., Cortés, P., Rodriguez, J. & Juri, D. (1998). Treatment of chronic Chagas disease with itraconazole and allopurinol. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apt, W., Arribada, A., Zulantay, I., Sanchez, G., Vargas, L. & Rodriguez, J. (2003). Itraconazole or allopurinol in the treatment of chronic American trypanosomiasis: the regression and prevention of electrocardiographic abnormalities during 9 years of follow-up. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 97, 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arribada, A., Apt, W. & Ugarte, J. (1986). A four year follow up surveys of chagasic cardiopathy in Chile. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 20, 254–266.
   Google Scholar
• Basquiera, A., Sembaj, A., Aguerri, A., Omelianiuk, M., Guzman, S., Moreno-Barral, J., Caeiro, T., Madoery, R. & Salomone, O. (2003). Risk progres-sion to chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: influence of male sex and of parasitaemia detected by polymerase chain reaction. Heart, 89, 1186–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cançado, C. (1999). Criteria of Chagas disease cure. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 94, 331–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerisola, J. (1969). Evolución serológica de pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas aguda tratados con Bay 2502. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia, 24,54–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Souza, W. (2002). From the cell biology to the development of new chemotherapeutic approaches against trypanosomatids: dreams and reality. Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease, 1, 1–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallerano, R., Marr, J. & Soza, R. (1990). Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in patients with chronic Chagas disesase. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 43, 159–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzonni, L., Caldera, A., Meirelles, M., de Castro, S., Docampo, R., Meints, G., Oldfield, E. & Urbina, J. (2004). Selective in vitro effects of the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor risedronate on Ttypanosoma cruzi. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 23, 273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzinelli, R., Galvao, L., Krautz, G., Lima, A., Cancado, R., Sharfstein, J. & Krettli, A. (1993). Use of Ttypanosoma cruzi purified glycoprotein (GP 57/51) or trypomastigote-shed antigens to assess cure for human Chagas disease. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49, 625–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr, J. J. (1991). Purine analogs as chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis and American trypanosomia-sis. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 118, 111–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, E., Remington, J. & Araujo, F. (1986). In vitro and in vivo effect of itraconazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 35, 280–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira, A., de Souza, H., Amato Neto, V., Matsubara, L., Pinto, L., Tolezano, J., Nunes, E. & Okomura, M. (1992). Avaliaçao da atividad terapeu-tica do itraconazole nas infecçoes cronicas, experi-mental e humana, pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 34,177–180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornelas Toledo, M., Bahia, M., Carneiro, C., Martins-Filho, O., Tibayrenc, M., Barnabé, C., Tafuri, W. & Lana, M. (2003). Chemotherapy with benznidazole and itraconazole for mice infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47,223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto Dias, J. C. (2004). Tratamiento etiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas. In XII” Reunion de la Comisión Intergubernamental del Cono Sur para la Eliminación de Triatoma infestans y la Interrupción de la Transmisión Transfusional de la Tripanosomiasis Americana (INCOSURIChagas), pp. 129-134. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Prata, A. (2001). Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1, 92–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigues Coura, J. & de Castro, S. (2002). A critical review on Chagas disease chemotherapy. Memórias do Instituto Oswald° Cruz, 97,3–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenone, H., Alfaro, E. & Rojas, A. (1974). Bases y rendimiento del xenodiagnóstico en la infección humana. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia, 29, 24–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solari, A., Ortiz, S., Soto, A., Arancibia, C., Campillay, R., Contreras, P., Salinas, A., Rojas, A. & Schenone, H. (2001). Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected children with nifurtimox: a 3 year follow-up by PCR. Journal of Antimicrobiological Chemotherapy, 48, 515–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa Stani, S., Segura, E., Ruiz, A., Veldsquez, E., Porcel, B. & Yampotis, C. (1998). Efficacy of chemotherapy with benznidazole in children in the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 526–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomomori-Yamashita, J., Deps, P., Almeida, D., Enokihara, M., de Seixas, M. & Freymuller, E. (1997). Cutaneous manifestations of Chagas disease after heart transplantation: succesful treatment with allopurinol. British Journal of Dermatology, 37, 626–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbina, J. & Docampo, R. (2003). Specific chemother-apy of Chagas disease: controversies and advances. Trends in Parasitology, 19, 495–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbina, J., Concepcion, J., Caldera, A., Payares, G., Sanoja, C., Otomo, T. & Hiyoshi, H. (2004). In vitro and in vivo activities of E5700 and ER-119884, two novel orally active squalene synthase inhibitors, against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48, 2379–2387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viotti, E., Vigliano, C., Armenti, H. & Segura, E. (1994). Treatment of chronic chagasic disease with benznidazole: clinical and serological evolution of patients with long-term follow-up. American Heart Journal, 127,151–162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wincker, P., Bosseno, N. F., Britto, C., Yaksic, N., Cardoso, M., Morel, C. & Breniere, S. (1994). High correlation between Chagas' disease serology and PCR-based detection of Trypanosoma cruzi kineto-plast DNA in Bolivian children living in a edemic area. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 124, 419–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2000). Chagas disease interrupted in Chile. TDR News, 61, 10.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2002). Control of Chagas disease. Technical Reports Series No. 905. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Zulantay, I., Honores, P., Solari, A., Apt, W., Ortiz, S., Osuna, A., Rojas, A., Lopez, B. & Sanchez, G. (2004). Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridizations assays to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patientes treated with itraconazole or allopurinol. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 48, 253–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar