Urban lymphatic filariasis in central Nigeria

REFERENCES

• Albuquerque, M. F. M., Marzochi, M. C., Sabroza, P. C., Braga, M. C., Padilha, T., Silva, M. C. M., Silfa, M. R. F., Schindler, H. C., Maciel, M. A., Souza, W. & Furtado, A. F. (1995). Bancroftian filariasis in two urban areas of Recife, Brazil: pre-control observations on infection and disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,, 89, 373–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anosike, J. C. & Onwuliri, C. O. E. (1992). Experimental Wuchereria bancrofti infection of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Experimental Parasitology,, 33, 139–142.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. (2003). Human Development Report 2003. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bundy, D. A. P., Grenfell, B. T. & Rajagopalam, P. K. (1991). Immunoepidemiology of lymphatic filariasis: the relationship between infection and disease. Immunology Today,, 12, A71—A75.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, C. F. & Feachem, R. G. (1981). Sanitation and Culex pipiens mosquitoes: a brief review. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,, 84, 17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyer, G., Noroes, J., Figueredo-Silva, J. & Piessens, W. F. (2000). Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective. Parasitology Today,, 16, 544–548.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eigege, A., Richards, F. O., Blaney, D. D., Mm, E. S., Gontor, I., Ogah, G., Umaru, J., Jinadu, M. Y., Mathai, W., Amadiegwu, S. & Hopkins, D. (2002). Rapid assessment for lymphatic filariasis in central Nigeria: a comparison of the immunochromato-graphic card test and hydrocele rates in an area of high endemicity. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,, 68, 643–646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontes, G., Rocha, E. M. M., Brito, A. C. & Antunes, C. M. F. (1998). Lymphatic filariasis in Brazilian urban area. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,, 93, 705–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gbakima, A. A., Appawu, M. A., Dadzie, S., Karikari, C., Sackey, S. O., Baffoe-Wilmot, A., Gyapong, J. & Scott, A. L. (2005). Lymphatic filariasis in Ghana: establishing the potential for an urban cycle of transmission. Tropical Medicine and International Health,, 10,, 387-392.
   Google Scholar
• Gyapong, J. O. (1998). The relationship between infection and disease in Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Ghana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,, 92, 390–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyapong, J. O., Adjei, S., Gyapong, M. & Asamoah, G. (1996). Rapid community diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Acta Tropka,, 61, 65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyapong, J. O., Webber, R. H., Morris, J. & Bennett, S. (1998). Prevalence of hydrocele as a rapid diagnostic index for lymphatic filariasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92, 40–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddix, A. C. & Kestler, A. (2000). Lymphatic filariasis: economic aspects of the disease and programmes for its elimination. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,, 94, 592–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlow, K. (1987). Observations and experiments on Culex antennatus as a potential vector of bancroftian filariasis in West Africa. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,, 38, 349–350.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, S. W. & Thomas, C. J. (2000). Mapping and estimating the population at risk from lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine,, 94, 37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, E., Grenfell, B. T. & Bundy, D. A. P. (1994). The association between microfilaremia and disease in lymphatic filariasis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,, Series B: Biological Sciences,, 256, 33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, E., Bundy, D. A. P. & Grenfell, B. T. (1996). Reassessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology,, 112, 409–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott, K. E., Desjeux, P., Moncayo, A., Ranque, P. & de Raadt, P. (1990). Parasitic diseases and urban development. Bulletin of the World Health Organization,, 68, 681–698.
   Google Scholar
• Ottesen, E. A. (2002). Major progress toward eliminat-ing lymphatic filariasis. New England Journal of Medicine,/i>, 347, 1885–1886.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, E. M., Kilama, W. L., Swai, A. B., Kihamia, C. M., Rwiza, H. & Kisumku, U. M. (1999). Bancroftian filariasis on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania: an update on the status in urban and semi-urban communities. Tropical Medicine and International Health,, 4, 295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaiah, K. D., Das, P. K., Appavoo, N. C., Ramu, K., Augustin, D. J., Vijay Kumar, K. N. & Chandrakala, A. V. (2000). A programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Tamil Nadu state, India: compliance with annual single-dose DEC mass treatment and some related operational aspects. Tropical Medicine and International Health,, 5, 842–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaiah, K. D., Vanamail, P., Pani, S. P., Yuvaraj, J. & Das, P. K. (2002). The effect of six rounds of single dose mass treatment with diethyl-carbamazine or ivermectin on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and its implications for lymphatic filariasis. Tropical Medicine and International Health,, 7, 767–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, W. V., Ximenes, R., Albuquerque, M. F. M., Lapa, T. M., Portugal, J. L., Lima, M. L. C. & Martelli, C. M. T. (2000). The use of socioeconomic factors in mapping tuberculosis risk areas in a city of northeastern Brazil. Pan American Journal of Public Health,, 8, 403-410.
   Google Scholar
• Weil, G. J., Lammie, P. J. & Weiss, N. (1997). The ICT filariasis test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitology Today,, 13, 401–404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witt, C. & Ottesen, E. A. (2001). Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. Tropical Medicine and International Health,, 6, 582–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1998a). World Health Report. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1998b). Report of a WHO Informal Consultation on Epidemiologic Approaches to Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: Initial Assessment, Monitoring and Certification. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2002). Annual Report on Lymphatic Filariasis 2001. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar