Crude extracts of, and purified compounds from, Pterocarpus angolensis, and the essential oil of Lippia javanica: their in-vitro cytotoxicities and activities against selected bacteria and Entamoeba histolytica

References

• Ahmad, F., Khan, M. M., Rastogi, A. K., Chaubey, M. & Kidwai, J. R. (1991). Effect of (-) epicatechin on cAMP content, insulin release and conversion of proinsulin to insulin in immature and mature rat islets in vitro. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 29, 516-520.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Bayati, F. A. & Al-Mola, H. F. (2008). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of different parts of Tribulus terrestris L. growing in Iraq. Journal of Zhejiang University, ScB, 9, 154-159.
   Google Scholar
• Aqil, F. & Ahmad, I. (2007). Antibacterial properties of traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 29, 79-92.
   Google Scholar
• Bezuidenhoudt, B. C. B., Brandt, E. V., Roux, D. G. & van Rooyen, P. H. (1980). Novel a-methyldeoxybenzoins from the heartwood of Pterocarpus angolensis D.C.: absolute configuration and conformation of the first sesquiterpenylangolensis, and X-ray crystal structure of 4-0-axcadinylangolen-sin. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, Unnumbered, 2179-2183.
   Google Scholar
• Burapadaja, S. & Bunchoo, A. (1995). Antimicrobial activity of tannins from Terminalia citrina. Planta Medica, 61, 365–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Vega, D. E., Verde-Star, M. J., Salinas-Gonzalez, N., Rosales-Hernandez, B., Estrada-Garcia, I., Mendez-Aragon, P., Carranza-Rosales, P., Gonzalez-Garza, M. T. & Castro-Garza, J. (2008). Antimycobacterial activity of Juglans regia, Juglans mollis, Gaga illinoensis and Bocconia frutescens. Phytotherapy Research, 22, 557–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradisar, H., Pristovsek, P., Plaper, A. & Jerala, R. (2007). Green tea catechins inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase by interaction with its ATP binding site. Journal of Medical Chemistry, 50, 264–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, K. Y., Tsai, C. C., Huang, J. S., Chen, C. P., Lin, T. C. & Lin, C. C. (2001). Antimicrobial activity of tannin components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 53, 187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloucek, P., Svobodova, B., Polesny, Z., Langrova, I., Smrcek, S. & Kokoska, L. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal barks used in Peruvian Amazon. Journal of Ethnophannacology, 111, 427–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koparal, A. T., Yamaguchi, H., Omae, K., Toni, S. & Kitagawa, Y. (2004). Differential effect of green tea catechins on three endothelial cell clones isolated from rat adipose tissue and on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cytotechnology, 46, 25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku, K. J., Hong, Y. H. & Song, K. B. (2008). Mechanical properties of a Gelidium corneum edible film containing catechin and its application in sausages. Journal of Food Science, 73, 217-221.
   Google Scholar
• Mativandlela, S. P., Meyer, J. J., Hussein, A. A., Houghton, P. J., Hamilton, C. J. & Lall, N. (2008). Activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis by extract of South African medicinal plants. Phytotherapy Research, 22, 841–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monela, G. C., O'Kting'ati, A. & Kiwele, P. M. (1993). Socio—economic aspects of charcoal consumption and environmental consequences along the Dar es Salaam—Morogoro highway, Tanzania. Forest Ecology and Management, 58, 249–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujovo, S. F., Hussein, A. A., Meyer, J. J. M., Fourie, B., Muthivhi, T. & Lall, N., (2008). Bioactive compounds from Lippia javanica and Hoslundia opposita. Natural Products Research, 22, 1047-1054.
   Google Scholar
• Nagao, T., Meguro, S., Hase, T., Otsuka, K., Komikado, M., Tokimitsu, I., Yamamoto, T. & Yamamoto, K. (2009). A catechin-rich beverage improves obesity and blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity, 17, 310–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndamba, J., Nyazema, N., Makaza, N., Anderson, C. & Kaondera, K. C. (1994). Traditional herbal remedies used for the treatment of urinary schisto-somiasis in Zimbabwe. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 42, 125–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyanzema, N., Makaza, N. & Kondera, K. C. (1994). The doctrine of signatures or similitudes: a compar-ison efficacy of praziquantel and traditional herbal remedies used for the treatment of urinary schisto-somiasis in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 32, 142–148.
   Google Scholar
• Obi, C. L., Ramalivhana, J., Samie, A. & Igumbor, E. O. (2007). Prevalence, pathogenesis, and anti-biotic susceptibility profiles, and in vitro activity of selected medicinal plants against Aeromonas isolates from stool samples of patients in the Venda region of South Africa. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 25, 428–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palgrave, K. C. (1981). Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik.
   Google Scholar
• Rahalison, L., Hamburger, M., Hostettmann, K., Monod, M. & Frenk, E. (1991). A bioautographic agar overlay method for the detection of antifungal compounds from higher plants. Phytochemkal Analysis, 2, 199–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J., Perkins, I., van Olphen, A., Burdash, N., Klein, T. W. & Friedman, H. (2005). Epigallocatechin gallate modulates cytokine produc-tion by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells stimu-lated with lipopolysaccharide or muramyldipeptide, or infected with Legionella pneumophila. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 230, 645–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runyoro, D. K., Matee, M. I., Ngassapa, O. D., Joseph, C. C. & Mbwambo, Z. H. (2006). Screening of Tanzanian medicinal plants for anti -Candida activity. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 30, 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Sabir, M. S., Ahmad, D. S., Hussain, I. M. & Tahir, K. M. (2007). Antibacterial activity of Elaeagnus umbellata (Thunb.) a medicinal plant from Pakistan. Saudi Medical Journal, 28, 259-263.
   Google Scholar
• Samie, A., Obi, C. L., Bessong, P. O. & Namrita, L. (2005). Activity profiles of fourteen selected medic-inal plants from rural Venda communities in South Africa against fifteen clinical bacterial species. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4, 1443–1451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samie, A., Obi, C. L., Franaziak, J., Archbald-Pannone, L., Bessong, P. O., Alcantara-Warren, C. & Guerrant, R. L. (2008). PCR detection of Clostridium difficile triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), toxin A (tcdA), toxin B (tcdB), binary toxin (cdtA, cdtB) and tcdC genes in Vhembe district, South Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78, 577–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samie, A., Obi, C. L., Lall, N. & Meyer, J. J. (2009). In vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities of local medicinal plants from Venda, in South Africa, against clinical isolates of Campylobacter species and Entamoeba histolytica. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 103, 159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, E. W., Zemaitis, M. A., Slatkin, D. J. & Schiff Jr, P. L. (1983). constituent of Pterocarpus marsupium, (-)-epicatechin, as a potential antidiabetic agent. Journal of Natural Products, 46, 232-234.
   Google Scholar
• Si, W., Gong, J., Tsao, R., Kalab, M., Yang, R. & Yin, Y. (2006). Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract. Journal of Chromatography, A, 1125, 204-210.
   Google Scholar
• Stahle, D. W., Mushove, P. T., Cleaveland, M. K., Roig, F. & Haynes, G. A. (1999). Management implications of annual growth rings in Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe. Forest Ecology and Management, 124, 217-229.
   Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, V., Mathivha, E., Gouws, M. C. & van Rensburg, C. E. (2004). Studies on antibacterial, antioxidant and fibroblast growth stimulation of wound healing remedies from South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95, 353–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Reit, K., van Rensburg, L., de Sousa Correia, R. I., Mienie, L. J. & Kruger, G. H. J. (1998). Germination of Pterocarpus angolensis DC and evalua-tion of the possible antimicrobial action of the phloem sap. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 15, 141-146.
   Google Scholar
• Van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. (1997). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik.
   Google Scholar
• Viljoen, A. M., Subramoney, S., van Vuuren, S. F., Ba_er, K. H. & Demirci, B. (2005). The composi-tion, geographical variation and antimicrobial activity of Lippia javanica (Verbenaceae) leaf essential oils. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96, 271-277.
   Google Scholar
• Watt, J. M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962). The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, 2nd Edn. Edinburgh: Livingstone.
   Google Scholar