In a trial of the use of miltefosine to treat HIV‐related cryptosporidiosis in Zambian adults, extreme metabolic disturbances contribute to high mortality

REFERENCES

• Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK. (2007). Prevention and Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompromised Patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007. Art. No. CD004932. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Amadi BC, Kelly P, Mwiya M, Mulwazi E, Sianongo S, Changwe F, Thomson M, Hachungula J, Watuka A, Walker‐Smith JA, Chintu C. (2001). Intestinal and systemic infection, HIV and mortality in Zambian children with persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 32, 550–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amadi BC, Mwiya M, Musuku J, Watuka A, Sianongo S, Ayoub A, Kelly P. (2002). Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 360, 1375–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzouz S, Maache M, Garcia RG, Osuna A. (2005). Leishmanicidal activity of edelfosine, miltefosine, and ilmofosine. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 96, 60–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacciò SM, Pozio E. (2006). Advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Expert Review of Anti‐infective Therapy, 4, 429–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dionisio D, Orsi A, Sterantino G, Meli M, di Lollo S, Ibba Manneschi L, Trotta M, Pozzi M, Sani L, Leoncini F. (1998). Chronic cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: stable remission and possible eradication after long‐term, low dose azithromycin. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 51, 138–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibl H, Unger C. (1990). Hexadecylphosphocholine: a new and selective antitumor drug. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 17, 233–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichtenbaum CJ, Zackin R, Feinberg J, Benson C, Griffiths JK. (2000). Rifabutin but not clarithromycin prevents cryptosporidiosis in persons with advanced HIV infection. AIDS, 14, 2889–2893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile G, Venditti M, Micozzi A, Caprioli A, Donelli G, Tirindelli C, Meloni G, Arcese W, Martino P. (1991). Cryptosporidiosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 13, 842–846.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hewitt RG, Yiannoutsos CT, Higgs ES, Carey JT, Geiseler PJ, Saove R, Rosenberg R, Vazquez GJ, Wheat LJ, Fass RJ, Antoninievic Z, Walawander AL, Flanigan TP, Bender JF. (2000). Paromomycin: no more effective than placebo for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31, 1084–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, von Bargen JC, Palella FJ, Loveless MO, Ward DJ, Navin TR. (1998). Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease. HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 384–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadappu KK, Nagaraja MV, Rao PV, Shastry BA. (2002). Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 48, 179–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaile T, Zulu I, Lumayi R, Ashman N, Kelly P. (2008). Inappropriately low aldosterone concentrations in adults with AIDS‐related diarrhoea in Zambia: a study of response to fluid challenge. BMC Research Notes, 1, 10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mor SM, Tzipori S. (2008). Cryptosporidiosis in children in sub‐Saharan Africa: a lingering challenge. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47, 915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwinga A, Hosp M, Zulu I, Farthing MJG, Mulambo S, Kelly P. (2002). Tuberculosis preventative treatment also prevented diarrhoea in HIV‐infected patients in Zambia. AIDS, 16, 806–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronk LC, Planting AS, Oosterom R, Drogendijk TE, Stoter G, Verweij J. (1994). Increases in leucocyte and platelet counts induced by the alkyl phospholipid hexadecylphosphocholine. European Journal of Cancer, 30A, 1019–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossignol J.‐F. (2006). Nitazoxanide in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome‐related cryptosporidiosis: results of the United States compassionate use program in 365 patients. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapetics, 24, 887–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossignol J.‐F, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. (2001). Treatment of diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of nitazoxanide. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 184, 103–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar S, Olliaro PL. (2007). Miltefosine in the treatment of leishmaniasis: clinical evidence for informed risk management. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 3, 733–740.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, Bhattacharya SK, Rai M. (2003). Oral miltefosine treatment in children with mild to moderate Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 22, 434–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theischen M, Bornfeld N, Becher R, Kellner U, Wessing A. (1993). Hexadecylphosphocholine may produce reversible functional defects of the retinal pigment epithelium. German Journal of Ophthalmology, 2, 113–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unger C, Damenz W, Fleer EA, Kim DJ, Breiser A, Hilgard P, Engel J, Nagel G, Eibl H. (1989). Hexadecylphosphocholine, a new ether lipid analogue. Studies on the antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Acta Oncologica, 28, 213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij J, Planting A, van der Burg M, Stoter G. (1992). A dose‐finding study of miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) in patients with metastatic solid tumours. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 118, 606–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White AC, Cron SG, Chappell CL. (2001). Paromomycin in cryptosporidiosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32, 1516–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White AC, Robinson P, Okhuysen PC. (2003). Human studies provide insight into the pathogenesis, immunology, and treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar