Characterisation of the genes encoding resistance to metronidazole (rdxA and frxA) and clarithromycin (the 23S-rRNA genes) in South African isolates of Helicobacter pylori

REFERENCES

• Ables AZ, Simon I, Melton ER. (2007). Update on Helicobacter pylori treatment. American Family Physician, 75, 351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad N, Zakaria WR, Abdullah SA, Mohamed R. (2009). Characterisation of clarithromycin resistance in Malaysian isolates of Helicobacter pylori. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 3161–3165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarcón T, Domingo D, López-Brea M. (1999). Antibiotic resistance problems with Helicobacter pylori. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 12, 19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asrat D, Kassa E, Mengistu Y, Nilsson I, Wadstrom T. (2004). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from adult dyspeptic patients in Tikur Ambassa University Hospital, Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 42, 79–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chisholm SA, Owen RJ. (2004). Frameshift mutations in frxA occur frequently and do not provide a reliable marker for metronidazole resistance in UK isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 53, 135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cover TL, Blanke SR. (2005). Helicobacter pylori vacA, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 3, 320–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doorn LJ, Glupczynski Y, Kusters JG, Mégraud F, Midolo P, Maggi-Solcà N, Queiroz DMM, Nouhan N, Stet E, Quint WGV. (2001). Accurate prediction of macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori by a PCR line probe assay for detection of mutations in the 23S rRNA gene: multicenter validation study. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45, 1500–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duck WM, Sobel J, Pruckler JM, Song Q, Swerdlow D, Friedman C, Sulka A, Swaminathan B, Taylor T, Hoekstra M, Griffin P, Smoot D, Peek R, Metz DC, Bloom PB, Goldschmidt S, Parsonnet J, Triadafilopoulos G, Perez-Perez GI, Vakil N, Ernst P, Czinn S, Dunne D, Gold BD. (2004). Antimicrobial resistance, incidence and risk factors among Helicobacter pylori infected persons, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10, 1088–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong JY, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dailidiene D, Wang Y, Velapatiño B, Gilman RH, Parkinson AJ, Nair GB, Wong BC, Lam SK, Mistry R, Segal I, Yuan Y, Gao H, Alarcon T, Brea ML, Ito Y, Kersulyte D, Lee HK, Gong Y, Goodwin A, Hoffman PS, Berg DE. (2000). Sequential inactivation of rdxA (HP0954) and frxA (HP0642) nitroreductase genes causes moderate and high-level metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Bacteriology, 182, 5082–5090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalach N, Benhamou PH, Campeotto F, Bergeret M, Doupont C, Raymond J. (2001). Clarithromycin resistance and eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45, 2134–2135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato S, Fujimura S, Udagawa H, Shimizu T, Maisawa S, Ozawa K, Linuma K. (2002). Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains in Japanese children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 649–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Kang JO, Eun CS, Han DS, Chi TY. (2002). Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene of Helicobacter pylori associated with clarithromycin resistance. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 17, 599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Young MJ, Hak SL, Chung IS, Yoo JY, Merrell DS, Cha JS. (2009). Genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates suggest resistance to metronidazole can occur without the loss of functional rdxA. Journal of Antibiotics, 64, 43–50.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon DH, Hulten K, Kato M, Kim JJ, Lee M, El-Zaatari FAK, Osato MS, Graham DY. (2001). DNA sequence analysis of rdxA and frxA from 12 pairs of metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45, 2609–2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Shin J.-H, Roe IH, Sohn SG, Lee JH, Kang GH, Lee H.-K, Jeong BC, Lee SH. (2005). Impact of clarithromycin resistance on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in infected patients. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49, 1600–1603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llanes R, Soria C, Nagashima S, Kobayashi N, Gala A, Guzmán D, Feliciano O, Valdés L, Gutiérrez O, Fernández H, Llop A, Wada A. (2010). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of antimicrobial profiles of Helicobacter pylori strains in Cuba. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 28, 124–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marais A, Bilardi C, Cantet F, Mendz GL, Mégraud F. (2003). Characterisation of the genes rdxA and frxA involved in metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Research in Microbiology, 154, 137–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuhisa TM, Yamada NY, Kato SK, Matsukura NM. (2003). Helicobacter pylori infection, mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in Asian populations: a comparative study in age-, gender- and endoscopic diagnosis-matched subjects. Helicobacter, 8, 29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka M, Yoshida Y, Hayakawa K, Fukuchi S, Sugano K. (1999). Simultaneous colonisation of Helicobacter pylori with and without mutations in the 23SrRNA gene in patients with no history of clarithromycin exposure. Gut, 45, 503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mégraud F. (1997). Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 11 (Suppl. 1), 43–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mégraud F. (2004). Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut, 53, 1374–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahar S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Khan R, Ahmad MM, Datta S, Chattopadhyay S, Dhar SC, Sarker SA, Engstrand L, Berg DE, Nair GB, Rahman M. (2004). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in Bangladesh. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 4856–4859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndip RN, Malange Takang AE, Ojongokpoko AEJ, Luma HN, Malongue A, Akoachere KTJ.-F, Ndip LM, MacMillan M, Weaver TL. (2008). Helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from gastric biopsies of patients with gastro–duodenal pathologies in Cameroon: current status of antibiogram. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13, 848–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osato MS. (2000). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Helicobacter pylori: sensitivity test results and their clinical relevance. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 6, 1545–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepulvedo AR, Coelho LGV. (2002). Helicobacter pylori and gastric malignancies. Helicobacter, 7, 37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanih NF, McMillan M, Naidoo N, Ndip LM, Weaver LT, Ndip RN. (2010a) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA and iceA genotypes in South African patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. Acta Tropica, 116, 68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Green E, Mkwetshana N, Clarke AM, Ndip LM, Ndip RN. (2010b). Marked susceptibility of South African Helicobacter pylori strains to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin: clinical implications. South African Medical Journal, 100, 49–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Ndip LM, Clarke AM, Naidoo N, Mkwetshana N, Green E, Ndip RN. (2010c). Helicobacter pylori prevalence in dyspeptic patients in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: race and disease status. South African Medical Journal, 100, 734–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tankovic J, Lamarque D, Delchier JC, Soussy CJ, Labigne A, Jenks PJ. (2000). Frequent association between alteration of the rdxA gene and metronidazole resistance in French and North African isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 44, 608–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versalovic J, Shortridge D, Kibler K, Griffy MV, Beyer J, Flamm RK, Tanaka SK, Graham DY, Go MF. (1996). Mutations in 23S rRNA are associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40, 477–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Wilson TJM, Jiang Q, Taylor DE. (2001). Spontaneous mutations that confer antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45, 727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YJ, Wu JJ, Sheu BS, Kao AW, Huang AH. (2004). The rdxA gene plays a more major role than frxA gene mutation in high-level metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Taiwan. Helicobacter, 9, 400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar