The PCR-based detection and identification of the parasites causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Iranian city of Ahvaz

REFERENCES

• Barker DC. (1989). Molecular approaches to DNA diagnosis. Parasitology, 99, 125–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davami MH, Motazedian MH, Sarkari B. (2010). The changing profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a focus of the disease in Jahrom district, southern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 104, 377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruijn MH, Barker DC. (1992). Diagnosis of New World leishmaniasis: specific detection of species of the Leishmania braziliensis complex by amplification of kinetoplast DNA. Acta Tropica, 52, 45–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowlati Y. (1996). Cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical aspect. Clinics in Dermatology, 14, 425–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhar M, Motazedian MH, Hatam GR, Asgari Q, Kalantari M, Mohebali M. (2008). Asymptomatic human carriers of Leishmania infantum possible reservoirs for Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 102, 577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi G, Tesh RB. (1993). Leishmaniasis of the New World: current concepts and implications for future research. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 6, 230–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe CL, McMahon-Pratt D. (1983). Monoclonal antibodies specific for Leishmania tropica. I. Characterization of antigens associated with stage- and species-specific determinants. Journal of Immunology, 131, 1987–1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadian E, Nadim A, Tahvildar-Bidruni G, Assefi V. (1976). Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: B. Khorassan. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 69, 140–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadian E, Dehestani M, Nadim A, Rassi Y, Tahvildar-Bidruni CH, Seyedi-Rashti MA, Shadmehr A. (1998). Confirmation of Tatera indica (Rodentia: Gerbillidea) as the main reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the west of Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 27, 55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez M, Inga R, Cangalaya M, Echevarria J, Lianoscuentas A. (1993). Diagnosis of Leishmania using the polymerase chain reaction: a simplified procedure for fieldwork. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49, 348–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraghi S, Samarbaf Zadeh A, Sarlak AA, Ghasemian M, Vazirianzadeh B. (2007). Identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis agents by nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) in Shush city, Khuzestan province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 2, 13–15.
   Google Scholar
• Markle WH, Makhoul K. (2004). Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recognition and treatment. American Family Physician, 69, 1455–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Kalantari M, Rassi Y, Javadian E. (2003). The PCR-based detection of Leishmania major infections in Meriones libycus (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 97, 811–816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motazedian H, Karamian M, Noyes HA, Ardehali S. (2002). DNA extraction and amplification of Leishmania from archived, Giemsa-stained slides, for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by PCR. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 96, 31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motazedian MH, Mehrabani D, Oryan A, Asgari Q, Karamian M, Kalantari M. (2006). Life cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Larestan, southern Iran. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, 1, 137–143.
   Google Scholar
• Nadim A, Mesghali A, Javadian E. (1977). Cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Iran. In Ecologies des Leishmanioses (Colloques Internationaux No. 239), pp. 215–218. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
   Google Scholar
• Nadim A, Javadian E, Seyedi-Rashti MA. (1994). Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Iran. In Leishmania Parasites and Leishmaniases, eds, ArdehaliRezaiNadim S H R A, ed pp. 178–180. Tehran: Iran University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noyes HA, Reyburn H, Bailey JW, Smith D. (1998). A nested PCR-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes directly from clinical samples and its application to the study of the epidemiology of Leishmania tropica in Pakistan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 2877–2881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman OF, Oskam L, Zijlstra ED, Kroon CM, Schoone GJ, Khalil G, Elsan AM, Kager PA. (1997). Evolution of PCR for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2454–2457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piarroux R, Gambarelli F, Umon H, Fontes M, Dunan S, Mary C, Toga B, Quilici M. (1994). Comparison of PCR with direct examination of bone marrow aspiration, myeloculture, and serology for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32, 746–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M. (2008). Rodent infection with Leishmania in a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 102, 127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Hatam GR, Kalantari M, Habibi P, Sarkari B. (2010). Comparison of three methods for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 5, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razmjou S, Hejazy H, Motazedian MH, Baghaei M, Emamy M, Kalantari M. (2009). A new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Shiraz, Iran. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103, 727–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J. (1990). Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 65, 111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers MR, Popper SJ, Wirth DF. (1990). Amplification of kinetoplast DNA as a tool in the detection and diagnosis of Leishmania. Experimental Parasitology, 71, 267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth AJ, Ghoshm A, Hassanm MQ, Basu D, de Bruijn MH, Adhya S, Mallik KK, Barker DC. (1992). Rapid and sensitive detection of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA from spleen and blood samples of kala-azar patients. Parasitology, 105, 183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1990). Control of the Leishmaniases: Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 793. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Yaghoobi MR. (2001). Mucosal leishmaniasis: report of three cases. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 4, 138–140.
   Google Scholar
• Yokota M, Tatsumi M, Tsuda I, Yano L. (1995). DNA extraction and amplification from Giemsa-stained blood smears. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 9, 387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar