References
- Kanomi R. Mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage. J Clin Orthod 1997; 31: 763–67.
- Kyung HM, Park HS, Bae SM, Sung JH, Kim IB. Development of orthodontic micro-implants for intraoral anchorage. J Clin Orthod 2003; 37: 321–28.
- Park HS, Kwon OW, Sung JH. Micro-implant anchorage for forced eruption of impacted canines. J Clin Orthod 2004; 38: 297–302.
- Dalstra M, Cattaneo PM, Melsen B. Load transfer of miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage. Orthodontics 2004; 1: 53–62.
- Cope JB. Temporary anchorage devices in orthodontics: a paradigm shift. Semin Orthod 2005; 11: 3–9.
- Branemark PI, Adell R, Briene U, Hansson BO, Lindstrom J, Ohlsson A. Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969; 3: 81–100.
- Roberts WE, Smith RK, Zilberman Y, Mozsary PG, Smith RS. Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous implants. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 95–111.
- Roberts WE, Helm FR, Marshall KJ, Gongloff RK. Rigid endosseous implants for orthodontic and orthopaedic anchorage. Angle Orthod 1989; 59: 247–56.
- Higuchi KW, Slack JM. The use of titanium fixtures for intraoral anchorage to facilitate orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991; 6: 338–344.
- Odman J, Lekholm U, Jem T, Thilander B. Osseointegrated implants as orthodontic anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. Eur J Orthod 1994; 16: 187–201.
- Wehrbein H, Merz BR, Diedrich P, Glatzmaier J. The use of palatal implants for orthodontic anchorage. Design and clinical application of the Orthosystem. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996; 7: 410–16.
- Bernhart T, Vollgruber A, Gahleiter A, Dortbudak O, Haas R. Alternative to the median region of the palate for placement of an orthodontic implant. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000; 11: 595–601.
- Trisi P, Rebaudi A. Progressive bone adaptation of titanium implants during and after orthodontic load in humans. Int J Periodont Restorative Dent 2002; 22: 31–43.
- Roberts WE, Marshall KJ, Mozsary PG. Rigid endosseous implant utilized as anchorage to protract molars and close an atrophic extraction site. Angle Orthod 1990; 60: 135–52.
- Melsen B, Costa A. Immediate loading of implants used for orthodontic anchorage. Clin Orthod Res 2000; 3: 23–28.
- Ohmae M, Saito S, Morohashi T, Seki K, Qu H, Kanomi R, Okano T, Yamada S, Shibasaki Y. A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 119: 489–97.
- Deguchi T, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kanomi R, Hartsfield JK, Roberts WE, Garetto LP. The use of small titanium screws for orthodontic anchorage. J Dent Res 2003; 82: 377–81.
- Creekmore TD, Eklund MK. The possibility of skeletal anchorage. J Clin Orthod 1983; 17: 266–69.
- Costa A, Raffaini M, Melsen B. Miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage: a preliminary report. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 1998; 13: 201–09.
- Jenner JD, Fitzpatrick BN. Skeletal anchorage utilizing bone plates. Aust Orthod J 1985; 9: 231–33.
- Umemori M, Suguwara J, Mitani H, Nagasaka H, Kawamura H. Skeletal anchorage system for open-bite correction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 115: 166–74.
- Freudenthaler JW, Bantleon HP, Haas R. Bicortical titanium screws for critical orthodontic anchorage in the mandible: a preliminary report on clinical applications. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001; 12: 358–63.
- Miyawaki S, Koyama I, Inoue M, Mishima K, Sugahara T, Takano-Yamamoto T. Factors associated with the stability of titanium screws placed in the posterior region for orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124: 373–78.
- Choi BH, Zhu SJ, Kim YH. A clinical evaluation of titanium miniplates as anchors for orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128: 382–84.
- Favero L, Brollo P, Bressan E. Orthodontic anchorage with specific fixtures: related study analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 84–94.
- Carano A, Lonardo P, Velo S, Incorvati C. Mechanical properties of three different commercially available miniscrews for skeletal anchorage. Prog Orthod 2005; 6: 82–97.
- Chung K, Kim SH, Kook Y. The C- Orthodontic microimplant. J Clin Orthod 2004; 38: 478–486.
- Kim JW, Ahn SJ and Chang Y-II. Histomorphometric and mechanical analyses of the drill-free screw as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128: 190–4.
- Hiedemann W, Terheyden H, Gerlach KL. Analysis of the osseous/metal interface of drill free screws and self-tapping screws. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2001; 29: 69–74.
- Wehrbein H, Feifel H, Diedrich P. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 116: 678–86.
- Ishii T, Nojima K, Nishii Y, Takaki T, Yamaguchi H. Evaluation of the implantation position of mini-screws for orthodontic treatment in the maxillary molar area by a micro CT. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2004; 45: 165–72.
- Cousley R. Critical aspects in the use of orthodontic palatal implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 723–29.
- Schlegel KA, Kinner F, Schlegel KD. The anatomic basis for palatal implants in orthodontics. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 2002; 17: 133–39.
- Costa A, Pasta G, Bergamaschi G. Intraoral hard and soft tissue depths for temporary anchorage devices. Semin Orthod 2005; 11: 10–15.
- Poggio PM, Incorvati C, Velo S, Carano A. ‘Safe zones’: a guide for microscrew positioning in the maxillary and mandibular arch. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 191–97.
- Schnelle MA, Beck FM, Jaynes RM, Huja SS. A radiographic evaluation of the availability of bone for placement of miniscrews. Angle Orthod 2004; 74: 832–37.
- Liou EJW, Pai BCJ, Lin JCY. Do miniscrews remain stationary under orthodontic forces? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 126: 42–47.
- Asscherickx K, Vannet BV, Wehrbein H, Sabzevar MM. Root repair after injury from mini-screw. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005; 16: 575–78.
- Fukunaga T, Kuroda S, Kurosaka H, Takano-Yamamoto T. Skeletal anchorage for orthodontic correction of maxillary protrusion with adult periodontitis. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 148–55.
- Londa G. The anchorage quality of titanium microplates with short microscrews for orthodontic anchorage applications. J Orofac Orthop 2005; 66: 67–77.
- Wehrbein H, Merz BR, Diedrich P. Palatal bone support for orthodontic implant anchorage—a clinical and radiological study. Eur J Orthod 1999; 21: 65–70.
- Tosun T, Keles A, Erverdi N. Method for the placement of palatal implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002; 17: 95–100.
- Martin W, Heffernan N, Ruskin J. Template fabrication for a midpalatal orthodontic implant: technical note. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002; 17: 720–22.
- Tinsley D, O’Dwyer JJ, Benson PE, Doyle PT, Sandler J. Orthodontic palatal implants: clinical technique. J Orthod 2004; 31: 3–8.
- Cousley RRJ, Parberry DJ. Combined cephalometric and stent planning for palatal implants. J Orthod 2005; 32: 20–25.
- Maino BG, Bednar J, Pagin P, Mura P. The Spider Screw for skeletal anchorage. J Clin Orthod 2003; 37: 90–97.
- Bae SM, Park HS, Kyung HM, Kwon OW, Sung JH. Clinical application of micro-implant anchorage. J Clin Orthod 2002; 36: 298–302.
- Kitai N, Yasuda Y, Takada K. A stent fabricated on a selectively colored stereolithographic model for placement of orthodontic mini-implants. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 2002; 17: 264–66.
- Morea C, Dominguez GC, Wuo ADV, Tortamano A. Surgical guide for optimal positioning of mini-implants. J Clin Orthod 2005; 39: 317–21.
- Cousley RRJ, Parberry DJ. Surgical stents for accurate miniscrew insertion. J Clin Orthod 2006; 40: 412–17.
- Laskin DM, Dent CD, Morris HF, Ochi S, Olson JW. The influence of preoperative antibiotics on success of endosseous implants at 36 months. Ann Periodontol 2000; 5: 166–74.
- Mah J, Bergstrand F. Temporary anchorage devices: a status report. J Clin Orthod 2005; 39: 132–36.
- Lambert PM, Morris HF, Ochi S. The influence of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate rinses on the incidence of infectious complications and implant success. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997; 55: 25–30.
- Motoyoshi M, Hirabayashi M, Uemura M, Shimizu N. Recommended placement torque when tightening an orthodontic mini-implant. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006; 17: 109–14.
- Forna N, Burlui V, Luca IC, Indrei A. Peri-implantitis. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1998; 102: 74–79.
- Cheng SJ, Tseng IY, Lee JJ, Kok SH. A prospective study of the risk factors associated with failure of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004; 19: 100–06.
- Melsen B, Lang NP. Biological reactions to orthodontic loading of oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001; 12: 144–52.
- Duyck J, Ronold HJ, Van Oosterwyck H et al. The influence of static and dynamic loading on marginal bone reactions around osseo-integrated implants: an animal experimental study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001; 12: 207–18.
- Wehrbein H, Hovel P, Kinzinger G, Stefan B. Load-deflection behaviour of transpalatal bars supported on orthodontic palatal implants. An in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop 2004; 65: 312–20.
- Motoyoshi M, Yano S, Tsuruoka T, Shimuzu N. Biomechanical effect of abutment on stability of orthodontic mini-implant. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005; 16: 480–85.
- Kinzinger G, Wehrbein H, Byloff FB, Yildizhan F, Diedrich P. Innovative anchorage alternatives for molar distalisation—an overview. J Orofac Orthop 2005; 66: 397–413.
- Yao CCJ, Lee JJ, Chen HY, Chang ZCJ, Chang HF, Chen YJ. Maxillary molar intrusion with fixed appliances and mini-implant anchorage studied in three dimensions. Angle Orthod 2005; 75: 754–60.
- Chung K, Kim SH, Kook Y. C-Orthodontic microimplant for distalisation of mandibular dentition in Class III correction. Angle Orthod 2005; 75: 119–28.
- Gibbons AJ, Cousley RR. Use of mini-implants in orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; May 4 (Epub ahead of print).