Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women

References

• Bernstein AB, Remsburg RE. Estimated prevalence of people with cognitive impairment: results from nationally representative community and institutional surveys. Gerontologist 2007; 47: 350–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comas-Herrera A, Wittenberg R, Pickard L, Knapp M, Davies B. Cognitive impairment in older people: its implications for future demand for services and costs. PSSRU Discussion Paper: Alzheimer’s Research Trust Personal Social Services Research Unit, LSE DP 1728/3, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Neuringer M, Connor WE, Lin DS, Carstad L, Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega 3 fatty acid and deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 4021–4025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuringer M, Anderson GJ, Connor WE. The essentiality of n-3 fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain. Annu Rev Nutr 1988; 8: 517–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott BL, Bazan NG. Membrane docosahexaenoate is supplied to the developing brain and retina by the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2903–2907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderberg M, Edlund C, Kristensson K, Dallner G. Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lipids 1991; 26: 421–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids 2000; 35:1305–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully AM, Roche HM, Doyle R, et al. Low serum cholesteryl ester- docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study. Br J Clin Nutr 2003; 89: 483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 940–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn S. Fatty acid intake and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline: a review of the literature and epidemiologic studies. J Nutr Health Aging 2000; 4: 202–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Dietary fat intake and the risk of dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 776–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn S, van Bostel MP, Ocke M, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ. Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology 2004; 62: 275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzucki H, Morikawa Y, Takahashi H. Effect of DHA oil supplementation on intelligence and visual acuity in the elderly. In: Hamazaki T, Okuyama H. (eds) Fatty acids and lipids - new findings. World Dev Nutr Dig. Basel: Karger, 2001; 68–71.
   Google Scholar
• Harris WS, Poston WC, Haddock CK. Tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and risk for coronary heart disease events. Atheroschlerosis 2007; 193: 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DS. Modulation of human immune and inflammatory responses by dietary fatty acids. Nutrition 2001; 17: 669–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SE. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res 1985; 25: 1531–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft NE, Haitema TB, Garnett KM, Fitch KA, Dorey CK. Carotenoid, tocopherol, and retinol concentrations in elderly human brain. J Nutr Health Aging 2004; 8: 156–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kang JH, Ascherio A, Grodstein F. Fruit and vegetable consumption and cognitive decline in aging women. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangels AR, Holden JM, Beecher GR, Forman MR, Lanza E. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 284–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, Prior RL, Cao G, Martin A. Long-term dietary strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal signal- transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 8047–8055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, Bielinski D, Martin A. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavior deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 8114–8121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers PJ. A healthy body and a healthy mind: long-term impact of diet on mood and cognitive function. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60: 135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acids are mediators of brain biochemistry and cognitive functions. J Neurol Sci 1999; 56: 565–570.
   Google Scholar
• Krinsky NI. Possible biologic mechanisms for a protective role of xanthophylls. J Nutr 2002; 132: 540S-542S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruszecki WI. Carotenoid orientation: role in membrane stabilization. In: Krinsky NI, Mayne ST, Sies H. (eds) Carotenoids in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004; 151–163.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson EJ, Chung H-Y, Caldarella SM, Snodderly DM. The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins and macular pigmentation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; In press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaripheh S, Erdman Jr JW. Factors that influence the bioavailability of xanthophylls. J Nutr 2002; 132: 531S-534S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block G, Coyle LM, Hart M et al. HHHQ-DIETSYS analysis software, version 3.0. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• <http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html>.
   Google Scholar
• Bone RA, Landrum JT, Guerra LH, Ruiz CA. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. J Nutr 2003; 133: 992–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond Jr BR, Johnson EJ, Russell RM, et al. Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38: 1795–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, Boschi S, Miglioli M. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1557–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres S, Meydani SN, Ghorbani R, Schindler R, Dinarello CA. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids suppresses interleukin-2 production and mononuclear cell proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 1993; 54: 599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marangoni F, Angeli MT, Colli S, et al. Changes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plasma and circulating cells of normal subjects, after prolonged administration of 20:5 (EPA) and 22:6 (DHA) ethyl esters and prolonged washout. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1210: 55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris SH, Crook T, Flicker C, Reisberg B, Bartus RT. Assessing cognitive impairment and evaluating treatment effects: psychometric performance test. In: Poon LS. (ed) Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1986; 139–148.
   Google Scholar
• Letz R. NES2 User’s Manual (version 4.4). Winchester, MA: Neurobehavioral Systems, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson B, Sarit SH. Early cognitive markers of the incidence of dementia and mortality: a longitudinal population based study of the oldest old. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12: 53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payton M, Riggs KM, Spiro A, Weiss ST, Hu H. Relations of bone and blood lead to cognitive function: The VA Normative Aging Study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1998; 20: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkowski JG, Benton AL, Spreen O. Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia 1967; 5: 135–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler DA. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy M, Ferris SH, Clark E, Crook T. Acquisition and retention of categorized material in normal aging and senile dementia. Exp Aging Res 1981; 7: 127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, et al. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1159–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson B. The MIR - Memory-in-Reality Test. Stockholm: Psykologiforlaget AB, 1988/89.
   Google Scholar
• Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 1935; 18: 643–662.
   Google Scholar