Antidepressant-like effects of a cocoa polyphenolic extract in Wistar–Unilever rats

References

• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1498–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anisman H, Zacharko RM. Depression: the predisposing influence of stress. Behav Brain Sci 1982; 5: 89–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anisman H, Zacharko RM. Depression as a consequence of inadequate neurochemical adaptation in response to stressors. Br J Psychiatry SuppI 1992; 15: 36–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fava M, Kendler KS. Major depressive disorder. Neuron 2000; 28: 335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, et al. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucena MI, Carvajal A, Andrade RJ, Velasco A. Antidepressant- induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf2003; 2: 249–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Baldwin DS, Riley A. Antidepressant medications: a review of the evidence for drug-induced sexual dysfunction. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 119–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: theZutphenElderlyStudy. Lancet 1993; 342: 1007–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C et aI. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries studies. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit and cancer prevention. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96: 1027–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 637–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalbert A, Johnson IT, Saltmarsh M. Polyphenols: antioxidant and beyond. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 215S-217S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• do Rego JC, Benkiki N, Chosson E, Kabouche Z, Seguin E, Costentin J. Antidepressant-like effect of hyperfoliatin, a polyisoprenylated phloroglucinol derivative from Hypericum perfoliatum (Clusiaceae) is associated with an inhibition of neuronal monoamines uptake. Eur J PharmacoI 2007; 569: 197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiskey E, Werneke U, Taylor D. A systematic review and metaanalysis of Hypericum perforatum in depression: a comprehensive clinical review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16: 239–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkunte SS, Singh AP, Chaves FC et aI. Antidepressant and antistress activity of GC-MS characterized lipophilic extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Phytother Res 2007; 21: 1061–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara H, Ishida K, Grundmann O et aI. Antidepressant effect of extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves in behavioral models. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 1767–1770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora S, Diaz-Véliz G, Millan R, et al. Anxiolytic and antidepressantlike effects of the hydroalcoholic extract from AIoysia poIystachya in rats. PharmacoI Biochem Behav 2005; 82: 373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora S, Millan R, Lungenstrass H et aI. The hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia elegans induces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rats. JEthnopharmacol 2006; 106: 76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterweck V, Nishibe S, Sasaki T, Uchida M. Antidepressant effects of Apocynum venetum leaves in a forced swimming test. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24: 848–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterweck V, Jürgenliemk G, Nahrstedt A, Winterhoff H. Flavonoids from Hypericum perforatum show antidepressant activity in the forced swimming test. Planta Med 2000; 66: 3–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterweck V, Korte B, Winterhoff H. Pharmacological and endocrine effects of Hypericum perforatum and hypericin after repeated treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34: S2–S7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha FF, Lima-Landman MT, Souccar C, Tanae MM, De Lima TC, Lapa AJ. Antidepressant-like effect of Cecropia glazioui Sneth and its constituents - in vivo and in vitro characterization of the underlying mechanism. Phytomedicine 2007; 14: 396–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baba S, Osakabe N, Kato Y, et al. Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans. AmJ Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remezy C, Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 727–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapiero H, Tew KD, Ba GN, Mathe G. Polyphenols: do they play a role in the prevention of human pathologies? Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56: 200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson GE, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, et al. HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 4184–4188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, Rucker R, Schmitz HH. Identification of procyanidins in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and chocolate using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47: 490–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2086S-2092S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arteel GE, Sies H. Protection against peroxynitrite in cocoa polyphenols oligomers. FEBSLett 1999; 462: 167–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozan P, Hidalgo S, Nejdi A, Bisson JF, Lalonde R, Messaoudi M. Preventive antioxidant effects of cocoa polyphenolic extract on free radical production and cognitive performances after heat exposure in Wistar rats. JFoodSci 2007; 72: S203–S206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson JF, Hidalgo S, Rozan P, Messaoudi M. Preventive effects of Acticoa powder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on experimentally induced prostate hyperplasia in Wistar-Unilever rats. J Med Food 2007; 10: 622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson JF, Hidalgo S, Rozan P, Messaoudi M. Therapeutic Effect of Acticoa powder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on experimentally induced prostate hyperplasia in Wistar-Unilever rats. J Med Food 2007; 10: 628–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson JF, Nejdi A, Hidalgo S, Rozan P, Lalonde R, Messaoudi M. Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porsolt RD, Epichon M, Jalfre M. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 1977; 266: 730–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramljak D, Romanczyk LJ, Metheny-Barlow LJ, et al. Pentameric procyanidin from Theobroma cacao selectively inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4: 537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson JF, Guardia-Llorens MA, Hidalgo S, Rozan P, Messaoudi M. Protective effect of Acticoa powder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on prostate carcinogenesis in Wistar-Unilever rats. Eur J Cancer Prev 2008; 17: 54–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui N, Ito R, Nishimura E, Yoshikawa M. Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating the expression of genes for fatty acid metabolism. Nutrition 2005; 21: 594–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JF, Schramm DD, Holt RR, et al. A dose-response effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2115S-2119S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu QY, Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Orozco TJ, Keen CL. Inhibitory effects of cocoa flavanols and procyanidin oligomers on free radical-induced erythrocyte hemolysis. Exp Biol Med 2002; 227: 321–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taubert D, Roesen R, Lehmann C, Jung N, Schomig E. Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide. JAMA 2007; 298: 49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keen CL, Holt RR, Polagruto JA, Wang JF, Schmitz HH. Cocoa flavanols and cardiovascular health. Phytochem Rev 2002; 1: 231–240.
   Google Scholar
• Engler MB, Engler MM. The vasculoprotective effects of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate. Nutr Res 2004; 24: 695–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard P, Schewe T, Sies H, Kelm M. Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA 2003; 290: 1030–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farouque HMO, Leung M, Hope SA, et al. Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. ClinSci 2006; 111:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen RR, Carson LA, Kwik-Uribe C, Evans EM, Erdman JW. Daily consumption of a dark chocolate containing flavanols and added sterol esters affects cardiovascular risk factors in a normotensive population with elevated cholesterol. J Nutr 2008; 138: 725–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzaidi AMM, Amin I, Nawalyah AG, Hamid M, Faizul HA. The effect of Malaysian cocoa extract on glucose levels and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 98: 55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzaidi AMM, Abbe MMJ, Amin I, Nawalyah AG, Muhajir H. Protective effect of polyphenol-rich extract prepared from Malaysian cocoa (Theobroma cacao) on glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Sci Food Agric 2008; 88: 1442–1447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaru M, Takano H, Osakabe N, et al. Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice. Nutrition 2007; 23: 351–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich-Muszalska A, Olas B, Rabe-Jablonska J. Oxidative stress in blood platelets from schizophrenic patients. Platelets 2005; 16: 386–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Herken H, Gurel A, Selek S, et al. Adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase in patients with major depression: impact of antidepressant treatment. Arch Med Res 2007; 38: 247–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel TM, Frangou S, Thiemeyer D, et al. Evidence for oxidative stress in the frontal cortex in patients with recurrent depressive disorder - a postmortem study. Psychiatry Res 2007; 151: 145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcan ME, Gulec M, Ozerol E, Polat R, Akyol O. Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress in affective disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 19: 89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savas HA, Herken H, Yürekli M, et al. Possible role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in bipolar affective disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2002; 45: 57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savas HA, Gergerlioglu HS, Armutcu F, et al. Elevated serum nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase in euthymic bipolar patients: impact of pastepisodes. WorldJBiolPsychiatry 2006; 7: 51–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanik M, Vural H, Kocyigit A, et al. Is the arginine-nitric oxide pathway involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia? Neuropsychobiology 2003; 47: 61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Zhang W, Wei Y, et al. The changes of oxidative stress and human 8-hydroxyguanine glycosylase 1 gene expression in depressive patients with acute leukemia. Leukoc Res 2007; 31: 387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porsolt RD, Anton G, Daniel M. Behavioral despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur JPharmacol 1978; 17: 379–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porsolt RD. Behavioral despair. In: Enna SJ. (ed) Antidepressants: neurochemical, behavioral and clinical perspectives. New York: Raven Press, 1981; 121–139.
   Google Scholar
• Cryan JF, Page ME, Lucki I. Differential behavioural effects of the antidepressants reboxetine, fluoxetine, and moclobemide in a modified forced swim test following chronic treatment. Psychopharmacology 2005; 182: 335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okiyama M, Ueno K, Ohkawara S, Ohmori S, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H. Effects of combined administration of diazepam and imipramine hydrochloride in rats. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75: 1071–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanina Y, Podolskaya A, Sedky K, et al. Body weight changes associated with psychopharmacology. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 842–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y Kong L, Xia X, Zhang W, Xia Z, Jiang F. Antidepressant-like effect of icariin and its possible mechanism in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82: 686–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Sullards MC, et al. Procyanidin dimer B2 [epicatechin-(4beta-8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 798–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Wun T, et al. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandberg TE, Strandberg AY, Pitkälä K, Salomaa VV, Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Chocolate, well-being and health among elderly men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62: 247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan TH, Jankovic J, Le WD. Potential therapeutic properties of green tea polyphenols in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs Aging 2003; 20: 711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter H, Williams RJ, Matin R, Iversen L, Rice-Evans CA. Phenolic antioxidants attenuate neuronal cell death following uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29: 1222–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HK, Kim M, Kim S, Kim M, Chung JH. Effects of green tea polyphenol on cognitive and acetylcholinesterase activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004; 68: 1977–1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel S, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MBH. Cell signalling pathways in the neuroprotective actions of the green tea polyphenols (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. JNeurochem 2004; 88:1555–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamuela-Raventos RM, Andres-Lacueva C, Permanyer J, Izquierdo- Pulido M. More antioxidants in cocoa. JNutr 2001; 131: 834–835.
   Google Scholar
• Sanbongi C, Osakabe N, Natsume M, Takizawa T, Gomi S, Osawa T. Antioxidative polyphenols isolated from Theobroma cacao. JAgric Food Chem 1998; 46: 454–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anjaneyulu M, Chopra K, Kaur I. Antidepressant activity of quercetin, a bioflavonoid, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Med Food 2003; 6: 391–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaur R, Chopra K, Singh D. Role of alpha2 receptors in quercetin- induced behavioral despair in mice. J Med Food 2007; 10:165–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara H, Yoshino S, Kawai Y, Terao J. Antidepressant-like effect of onion (Allium cepa L.) powder in a rat behavioral model of depression. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72: 94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poleszak E, Szewczyk B, Kedzierska E, Wlaz P, Pilc A, Nowak G. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 78: 7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby GA, Eby KL. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesiumtreatment. MedHypotheses 2006; 67: 362–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilici M, Efe H, Köroglu MA, Uydu HA, Bekaroglu M, Deger O. Antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in major depression: alterations by antidepressant treatments. J Affect Disord 2001; 64: 43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar