The Biopsychosocial Model in Health Research: Its Strengths and Limitations for Critical Realists

References

• Ahmed, S. 2010. The Pursuit of Happiness. London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, S. [1914] 1960. ‘The Basis of Realism’. In Proceedings of the British Academy. Reprinted in Realism and the Background in Phenomenology, edited by Chisholm D., 43–60. Glencoe: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Angell, M. 2004. The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do about It. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, J. and Seymour H.. 1988. The New Public Health. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod, R. A., and Cohen M. D.. 2000. Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bateson, G. 1980. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. New York: Bantam.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, T. 1991. ‘Biology and Social Science: Why the Return of the Repressed Should be Given a (Cautious) Welcome’. Sociology 25(1): 63–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bertalanffy, L. von. 1969. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: Braziller.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, R. [1975] 1997. A Realist Theory of Science. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, R., and Danermark B.. 2006. ‘Metatheory, Interdisciplinarity and Disability Research: A Critical Realist Perspective’. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 4: 278–97.
   Google Scholar
• Breggin, P., and Breggin G.. 1994. Talking Back to Prozac. New York: St Martin's Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. M., and Fee E.. 2006. ‘Rudolf Carl Virchow’. American Journal of Public Health 96(12): 2104–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. E., Mamo L., Fishman J. R., Shim J. K., and Fosket J. R.. 2003. ‘Biomedicalization: Technocentric Transformations of Health and Illness, and US Biomedicine’. American Sociological Review 68: 161–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, P. 2007. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Conditions. Baltimore: John Hopkins University.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, G., and Whitehead M.. 1992. Policies and Strategies to Promote Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute of Futures Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Elder-Vass, D. 2012. The Reality of Social Construction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Engel, G. 1977. ‘The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine’. Science 196(4286): 129–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, G. L. 1980. ‘The Clinical Application of the Biopsychosocial Model’. American Journal of Psychiatry 137: 535–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm, E. 1955. The Sane Society. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Toro, M., and Auirre I.. 2007. ‘Biopsychosocial Model in Depression’. Medical Hypotheses 68(3): 683–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi, N. 2009. ‘The Rise and Fall of the Biopsychosocial Model’. British Journal of Psychiatry 195: 3–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1961. Asylums. New York: Anchor.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, P. E., Kessler R. C., Birnbaum H. G., et al., 2003. ‘The Economic Burden of Depression in the United States: How Did it Change between 1990 and 2000?’. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64: 1465–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guze, S. B. 1989. ‘Biological Psychiatry: Is There Any Other Kind?’. Psychological Medicine 19: 315–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy, D. 1997. The Anti-Depressant Era. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herzberg, D. 2009. Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs, P., Jones J. R., and Scambler G.. 2004. ‘Class as Variable, Class as Generative Mechanism: The Importance of Critical Realism for the Sociology of Health Inequalities’. In Making Realism Work: Realist Theory and Empirical Research, eds Carter B. and New C., 52–63. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Illich, I. 1976. Medical Nemesis. London: Marion Boyars.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P. A. 2008. ‘Effectiveness of Anti-depressants: An Evidence Myth Constructed from a Thousand Randomized Trials?’. Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 3(14)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly, M. P., and Field D.. 1996. ‘Medical Sociology, Chronic Illness and the Body’. Sociology of Health & Illness 18(2): 241–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, P. 1993. Listening to Prozac. New York: Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, A. 2005. Pharmaceutical Reason: Knowledge and Values in Global Psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Layard, R., Bell S., Clark D. M., Knapp M., Meacher M., and Priebe S.. 2006. ‘The Depression Report: A New Deal for Depression and Anxiety Disorders’. London School of Economics Centre for Economic Performance Report. http://cep.lse.ac.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Libow, J. A. 1995. ‘Munchausen by Proxy Victims in Adulthood: A First Look’. Child Abuse and Neglect 19(9): 1131–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, A. 1952. The Collected Works of Adolf Meyer. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mingers, J. 2011. ‘The Contribution of Systemic Thought to Critical Realism’. Journal of Critical Realism 10(3): 303–30.
   Google Scholar
• Moncrieff, J., and Kirsch I.. 2005. ‘Efficacy of Antidepressants in Adults’. British Medical Journal 331: 155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynihan, R., and Cassels A.. 2005. Selling Sickness: How the World's Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies are Turning Us All into Patients. New York: Nation Books.
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan, R., Cooke G. P. E., Doust J. A., Bero L., Hill S., and Gasciou P. P.. 2013. ‘Expanding Disease Definitions in Guidelines and Expert Panel Ties to Industry: A Cross-sectional Study of Common Conditions in the United States’. PLOS Medicine 10(8): e1001500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offe, C. 1993. Structural Contradictions of the Welfare State. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, T. 1951. ‘Illness and the Role of the Physician: A Sociological Perspective’. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 21: 452–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petticrew, M. 2011. ‘When are Complex Interventions ‘Complex’? When are Simple Interventions ‘Simple’?’. European Journal of Public Health 21(4): 397–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, D. 2007. ‘The Survival of Psychiatric Diagnosis’. Social Science & Medicine 65(3): 536–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, D. 2015. Understanding Mental Health: A Critical Realist Exploration. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Read, J. 2005. ‘The Bio-bio-bio Model of Madness’. The Psychologist 18(40): 596–7.
   Google Scholar
• Scambler, G., and Scambler S., eds. 2010. ‘New Directions in the Sociology of Chronic and Disabling Conditions’. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J., and Dickey B.. 2003. ‘Global Burden of Depression: The Intersection of Culture and Medicine’. British Journal of Psychiatry 183: 92–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick, P. 1982. PsychoPolitics. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. 1975. Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death. San Francisco: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. 2002. ‘In Search of ‘Non-disease’’. British Medical Journal 324: 883–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J. 2011. ‘Should Uncomplicated Bereavement Related Depression be Reclassified as a Disorder in DSM-5: Response to Kenneth S. Kendler's Statement Defending the Proposal to Eliminate the Bereavement Exclusion’. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199(3): 203–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walby, S. 2007. ‘Complexity Theory, Systems Theory and MultipleIntersecting Social Inequalities’. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 37(4): 449–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker, R. 2005. ‘Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America’. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 7: 23–35.
   Google Scholar
• Wikipedia. wikipedia.org/wiki/biopsychosocial model, accessed 15 October 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wilden, A. 1972. System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange. London: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. 1999. ‘Is Anybody There? Critical Realism, Chronic Illness and the Disability Debate’. Sociology of Health and Illness 21: 797–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen, H., Jacobi F., et al., 2010. ‘The Size and Burden of Mental Disorders and Other Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010’. European Neuropsychopharmacology 21(9): 655–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman, B. B. 1981. Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zola, K. 1972. ‘Medicine as an Agent of Social Control’. Sociological Review 20(4): 487–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar