Alternate considerations for current concepts in ITP

References

• Cines DB, Bussel JB, Liebman HA, Luning Prak ET. The ITP syndrome: pathogenic and clinical diversity. Blood 2009;113(26):6511–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R. Immune thrombocytopenia: pathophysiologic and clinical update. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2012;38:454–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto T, Satoh T, Takeuchi T, Ikeda Y, Kuwana M. Critical role of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in preventing murine autoantibody-mediated thrombocytopenia. Exp Hematol. 2012;40(4):279–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple JW, Provan D. The immunopathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia: T cells still take center-stage. Curr Opin Hematol. 2012;19(5):357–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson B, Andersson PO, Jernås M, Jacobsson S, Carlsson B, Carlsson LM, et al. T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward platelets in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nat Med. 2003;9(9):1123–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan R. The pathogenesis of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol. 2007;44 (4 Suppl 5):S3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadler JE. Von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS13, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2008;112(1):11–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JC, Hayward CPM, Warkentin TE, Kelton J. Decreased von Willebrand factor protease activity associated with thrombocytopenic disorders. Blood 2001;98:1842–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loof AH, van Vliet HH, Kappers-Klunne MC. Low activity of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease is not restricted to patients suffering from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol. 2001;112:1087–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannucci PM, Canciani MT, Forza I, Lussana F, Lattuada A, Rossi E. Changes in health and disease of the metalloproteinase that cleaves von Willebrand factor. Blood 2001;98:2730–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannucci PM, Vanoli M, Forza I, Canciani MT, Scorza R. Von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13) in 123 patients with connective tissue diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis). Haematologica 2003; 88(8):914–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi V, Robles R, Alberio L, Furlan M, Lämmle B. Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) in thrombocytopenic disorders: a severely deficient activity is specific for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2002;100(2):710–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpatwari A, Bennett D, Logie JW, Shukla A, Beach KJ, Newland AC, et al. Thromboembolic events among adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Haematologica 2010;95(7):1167–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girolami A, Berti de Marinis G, Bonamigo E, Treleani M, Vettore S. Arterial and venous thromboses in patients with idiopathic (immunological) thrombocytopenia: A possible contributing role of cortisone-induced hypercoagulable state. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2013;19(6):613–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thachil J, Callaghan T, Martlew V. Thromboembolic events are not uncommon in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2010;150(4):496–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey CL, Terrinoni I, Laffan M, Crawley J, Cooper N. Elevated plasma Von Willebrand factor and decreased ADAMTS13 antigen levels in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). American Society of Hematology Annual Scientific meeting 2012 abstract no: 1096.
   Google Scholar
• Sikorska A, Konopka L, Maślanka K. The effect of platelet autoantibodies on the course of the disease and clinical response of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Lab Hematol. 2008;30(1):58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura S, Yanabu M, Soga T, Kido H, Fukuroi T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Analysis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients with antiglycoprotein IIb/IIIa or Ib autoantibodies. Acta Haematol. 1991;86(1):25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabris F, Scandellari R, Ruzzon E, Randi ML, Luzzatto G, Girolami A. Platelet-associated autoantibodies as detected by a solid-phase modified antigen capture ELISA test (MACE) are a useful prognostic factor in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2004;103(12):4562–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub R, Gould RJ, Garsky VM, Ciccarone TM, Hoxie J, Friedman PA, et al. A monoclonal antibody against the platelet fibrinogen receptor contains a sequence that mimics a receptor recognition domain in fibrinogen. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:259–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Marco L, Girolami A, Russell S, Ruggeri ZM. Interaction of asialo von Willebrand factor with glycoprotein Ib induces fibrinogen binding to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and mediates platelet aggregation. J Clin Invest. 1985;75(4):1198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tholouli E, Hay CR, O'Gorman P, Makris M. Acquired Glanzmann's thrombasthenia without thrombocytopenia: a severe acquired autoimmune bleeding disorder. Br J Haematol. 2004;127(2):209–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyns AD, Fraser J, Retief FP. Platelet aggregation in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Clin Pathol. 1978;31(12):1239–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WL, Rick ME, Ortel TL, Montgomery RR, Sadler JE, Yawn BP, et al. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease: a synopsis of the 2008 NHLBI/NIH guidelines. Am J Hematol. 2009;84(6):366–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zen M, Canova M, Campana C, Bettio S, Nalotto L, Rampudda M. The kaleidoscope of glucorticoid effects on immune system. Autoimmun Rev 2010;10(6):305–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gernsheimer T, Stratton J, Ballem PJ, Slichter SJ. Mechanisms of response to treatment in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(15):974–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houwerzijl EJ, Louwes H, Sluiter WJ, Smit JW, Vellenga E, de Wolf JT. Platelet production rate predicts the response to prednisone therapy in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol. 2008;87(12):975–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsam SJ, Psaila B, Forestier M, Page LK, Sloane PA, Geyer JT, et al. Platelet production and platelet destruction: assessing mechanisms of treatment effect in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011;117(21):5723–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R. The stingy bone marrow and the wasteful peripheral blood: a tale of two ITPs. Blood 2011;117(21):5553–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachman RL, Rafii S. Platelets, petechiae, and preservation of the vascular wall. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1261–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May AE, Seizer P, Gawaz M. Platelets: inflammatory firebugs of vascular walls. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(3):s5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchens CS, Pendergast JF. Human thrombocytopenia is associated with structural abnormalities of the endothelium that are ameliorated by glucocorticosteroid administration. Blood 1986;67(1):203–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepro D, Sweetman HE, Hechtman HB. Experimental thrombocytopenia and capillary ultrastructure. Blood 1980;56:937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King GS, Buchwald S. Characterization and partial purification of an endothelial cell growth factor from human platelets. J Clin Invest. 1984;73:392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blajchman MA, Senyi AF, Hirsh J, Surya Y, Buchanan M, Mustard JF. Shortening of the bleeding time in rabbits by hydrocortisone caused by inhibition of prostacyclin generation by the vessel wall. J Clin Invest. 1979;68:1026.
   Google Scholar
• Domínguez V, Govezensky T, Gevorkian G, Larralde C. Low platelet counts alone do not cause bleeding in an experimental immune thrombocytopenic purpura in mice. Haematologica 2003;88(6):679–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goerge T, Ho-Tin-Noe B, Carbo C, Benarafa C, Remold-O'Donnell E, Zhao BQ, et al. Inflammation induces hemorrhage in thrombocytopenia. Blood 2008;111:4958–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najean Y, Rain JD, Billotey C. The site of destruction of autologous 111In-labelled platelets and the efficiency of splenectomy in children and adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a study of 578 patients with 268 splenectomies. Br J Haematol. 1997;97(3):547–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpatwari A, Provan D, Erqou S, Sobnack R, David Tai FW, Newland AC. Autologous 111 In-labelled platelet sequestration studies in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) prior to splenectomy: a report from the United Kingdom ITP Registry. Br J Haematol. 2010;151(5):477–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dameshek W, Miller EB. The megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a form of hypersplenism. Blood 1946;1:27–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanini M, Chatterjea JB, Dameshek W, Welch CS, Swenson O. Studies on platelets. III. The absence of selective sequestration and destruction of platelets by the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1952;7(3):289–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa K, Tani P, Piro L, McMillan R. The effect of therapy on platelet-associated autoantibody in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1993;81(11):2872–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR. Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Lancet 2011;378(9785):86–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies JM, Barnes R, Milligan D; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Working Party of the Haematology/Oncology Task Force. Update of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Clin Med 2002;2(5):440–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spelman D, Buttery J, Daley A, Isaacs D, Jennens I, Kakakios A, et al.; Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases. Guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in asplenic and hyposplenic patients. Intern Med J. 2008;38(5):349–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King H, Shumacker HB Jr. Splenic studies. I. Susceptibility to infection after splenectomy performed in infancy. Ann Surg. 1952;136:239–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland A, Provan D, Myint S. Preventing severe infection after splenectomy. BMJ 2005;331(7514):417–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eraklis AJ, Kevy SV, Diamond LK, Gross RE. Hazard of overwhelming infection after splenectomy in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1967;276(22):1225–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdsworth RJ, Irving AD, Cuschieri A. Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: actual versus perceived risks. Br J Surg. 1991;78(9):1031–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisharat N, Omari H, Lavi I, Raz R. Risk of infection and death among post-splenectomy patients. J Infect. 2001;43(3):182–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz J, Leber MD, Gillis S, Giunta A, Eldor A, Bussel JB. Long term follow-up after splenectomy performed for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Am J Hematol. 2003;72(2):94–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianelli N, Galli M, de Vivo A, Intermesoli T, Giannini B, Mazzucconi MG. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio delle Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto. Efficacy and safety of splenectomy in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: long-term results of 402 cases. Haematologica 2005; 90(1):72–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vianelli N, Palandri F, Polverelli N, Stasi R, Joelsson J, Johansson E. Splenectomy as a curative treatment for immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective analysis of 233 patients with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Haematologica. 2013;98(6):875–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crary SE, Buchanan GR. Vascular complications after splenectomy for hematologic disorders. Blood 2009;114(14):2861–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taher A, Isma'eel H, Mehio G, Bignamini D, Kattamis A, Rachmilewitz EA, et al. Prevalence of thromboembolic events among 8860 patients with thalassaemia major and intermedia in the Mediterranean area and Iran. Thromb Haemost. 2006;96(4):488–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeper MM, Niedermeyer J, Hoffmeyer F, Flemming P, Fabel H. Pulmonary hypertension after splenectomy?. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(6):506–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar