Differentiation of PA from early PSP with different patterns of symptoms and CBF reduction

REFERENCES

• Steele JC, Richardson JC, Olszewski J. Progressive supranuclear palsy. Arch Neurol 1964; 10: 333–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai H, Narabayashi H. Akinesia — concerning 2 cases of pure akinesia. Adv Neurol Sci (Tokyo) 1974; 18: 788–794
   Google Scholar
• Riley DE, Fogt N, Leigh RJ. The syndrome of ‘pure akinesia’ and its relationship to progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 1994; 44: 1025–1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma Y, Takahashi H, Takeda S, et al. [An autopsy case of progressive supranuclear palsy showing “pure akinesia without rigidity and tremor and with no effect by L-DOPA therapy Omar]. No To Shinkei 1987; 39: 183–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuasa T, Homma Y, Takahashi H, et al. Progressive supranuclear palsy with pure akinesia as an initial symptom. Neurol Med (Tokyo) 1987; 26: 460–467
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo H, Takashima H, Kishikawa M, et al. Pure akinesia: An atypical manifestation of progressive supranuclear palsy. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 397–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa H, Oda Y, Sakajiri K, et al. Pure akinesia manifested neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A clinical variant of progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta neuropathol 1997; 93: 306–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Factor SA, Higgins DS, Qian J. Primary progressive freezing gait: A syndrome with many causes. Neurology 2006; 66: 411–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizusawa H. [“Pure akinesia” and progressive supranuclear palsy]. No To Shinkei 1993; 45: 113–118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Litvan I, Agid Y, Caine D, et al. Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele—Richardson—Olszewski syndrome): Report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology 1996; 47: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DR, Watt HC, Lees AJ. Predictors of falls and fractures in bradykinetic rigid syndromes: a retrospective study. I Neurol Neurosung Psychiatry 2006; 77: 468–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai H. Syndrome of pure akinesia of freezing phenomenon without rigidity and tremor and with no effect by L-DOPA therapy. Adv Neurol Sci (Tokyo) 1980; 24: 838–848
   Google Scholar
• Nishimiya J, Yuasa T. [Clinical criteria for the diagnosis for PSP]. Nippon Rinsho 2000; 58: 84–87
   Google Scholar
• Ota S, Tuchiya K. [Cerebral small infarcts of the precentral and postcentral gyri presenting with unilateral monoataxia: A report of two cases]. No To Shinkei 2005; 57: 893–898
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kondo S, Tanaka M, Sun X, et al. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in patients with pure akinesia and progressive supra-nuclear palsy. Clin Neurol 1994; 34: 531–537
   Google Scholar
• Ohno T, Murata M, Ishii K, et al. Two cases of pure akinesia with unusual activation in dorsal part of the frontal lobe during gait-surface [MG and PET study. Clin Neurol 1997; 37: 675–679
   Google Scholar
• Shibuya S, Wakayama Y, Murahashi M, et al. A management for severe acquired stuttering in a case of pure akinesia syndrome. Clin Neurol 1998; 38: 54–56
   Google Scholar
• Hoshino M, Kita Y, Mitani K, et al. A case report of pure micrographia progressing over 5 years — an early sign of “pure akinesia"? Clin Neurol 1999; 39: 615–618
   Google Scholar
• Narai H, Manabe Y, Murakami, et al. Familial pure akinesia. Clin Neurol 2000; 40: 1101–1104
   Google Scholar
• Umahara T, Kano H, Iwamoto T, et al. [An MRI and SPECT study of frozen gait without other manifestations of Parkinsonism in the elderly]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1991; 28: 377–384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konishi Y, Shirabe T, Katayama S, et al. Autopsy case of pure akinesia showing pallidonigro-luysian atrophy. Neuropathology 2005; 25: 220–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miwa H, Miwa T, Imai H, et al. Obsessive-compulsive-like behavioral changes in pure akinesia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2001; 7: 315–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Factor SA, Jennings DL, Molho ES, et al. The natural history of the syndrome of primary progressive freezing gait. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 1778–1783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama S, Watanabe C, Khoriyama T, et al. Slowly progressive L-DOPA nonresponsive pure akinesia due to nigropallidal degeneration: A clinicopathological case study. I Neurol Sci 1998; 161: 169–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verny M, Jel linger KA, Hauw JJ, et al. Progressive supranuclear palsy: A clinicopathological study of 21 cases. Acta Neuropathol 1996; 91: 427–431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvan I, Mangone CA, McKee A, et al. Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele—Rechardson—Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: A clinicopathologi-cal study. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 615–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins SJ, Ahlskog JE, Parisi JE, et al. Progressive supranuclear palsy: Neuropathologically based diagnostic clinical criteria. I Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58: 167–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath U, Ben-Shlomo Y, Thomson RG, et al. Clinical features and natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy: A clinical cohort study. Neurology 2003; 60: 910–916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diroma C, Dell'Aquila C, Fraddosio A, et al. Natural history and clinical features of progressive supranuclear palsy: A clinical study. Neurol Sci 2003; 24: 176–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josephs KA, Whitwell JL, Boeve BE, et al. Rates of cerebral atrophy in autopsy-confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 200–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordato NJ, Pantelis C, Halliday GM, et al. Frontal atrophy correlates with behavioral changes in progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 2002; 125: 789–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oba H, Yagishita A, Terada H, et al. New and reliable MRI diagnosis for progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 2005; 64: 2050-2055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groschel K, Hayser TK, Luft A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based volumetry differentiates progressive supranuclear palsy from corticobasal degeneration. Neuroimage 2004; 21: 714–724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taki J, Nakajima K, Hwang EH, et al. Peripheral sympathetic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease without auto-nomic failure is heart selective and disease specific. Eur I Nucl Med 2000; 27: 566–573
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kashihara K, Ohno M, Kawada S, et al. Reduced cardiac uptake and enhanced washout of 1231-MIBG in pure autonomic failure occurs conjointly with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. I Nucl Med 2006; 47: 1099–1101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivaud-Pechoux S, Vidailhet M, Gallouedec G, et al. Longitudinal ocular motor study in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 2000; 54: 1029–1032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusa A, Mancardi GL, Bugiani O. Progressive supranuclear palsy 1979: An overview. Ital J Neurol Sci 1980; 1: 205–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okuda B, Tachibana H, Kawabata K, et al. Cerebral blood flow in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14: 46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Groahimrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellaufbaus, Leipzig: Barth, 1909
   Google Scholar
• Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Milea D, Muri RM. Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Muri RM, Ploner CJ, et al. Cortical control of ocular saccades in humans: A model for motricity. Prog Brain Res 2003; 142: 3–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar