References
- Fordyce W: ‘A history of coal, coke, coalfields and iron manufacture in Northern England’; 1860, London, Sampson Low, Son and Co.
- McLean D and Northcott L: ‘Micro-examination and electrode-potential measurements of temper-brittle steels’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1948, 158, 169–177.
- Woodfine BC: ‘Temper-brittleness: a critical review of the literature’, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1953, 173, 229–240.
- Briant CL and Banerji SK: ‘Intergranular failure in steel: role of grain boundary composition’, Int. Met. Rev., 1978, 4, 164–199.
- Olefjord I: ‘Temper embrittlement’, Int. Met. Rev., 1989, 4, 149–163.
- Seah MP: ‘Chemistry of solid–solid interfaces – a review of its characterization, theory, and relevance to materials science’, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1980, 17, 16–24.
- Zabil’skii W: ‘Temper embrittlement of alloy steels (review)’, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1987, 29, 32–42.
- Misra RDK: ‘Grain boundary segregation and fracture resistance of engineering steels’, Surf. Interface Anal., 2001, 31, 509–521.
- McMahon CJ Jr: ‘Brittle fracture of grain boundaries’, Interface Sci., 2004, 12, 141–146.
- Clayton JQ and Knott JF: ‘Phosphorus segregation in austenite in Ni–Cr and Ni–Cr–Mn steels’, Met. Sci., 1982, 16, 145–152.
- Anderson PM, Wang J.-S and Rice JR: ‘Thermodynamic and mechanical models of interfacial embrittlement’, in ‘Innovations in ultrahigh-strength steel technology’, (ed. Olson G B et al.), 619–650; 1987, Watertown, MA, US Army Materials Technology Laboratory.
- Bhadeshia HKDH: ‘Geometry of crystals’, 2nd edn; 2001, London, Institute of Materials.
- Wu R, Freeman AJ and Olson GB: ‘First principles determination of the effects of phosphorus and boron on iron grain boundary cohesion’, Science, 1994, 265, 376–380.
- Seah MP: ‘Segregation and strength of grain boundaries’, Proc. R. Soc. A, 1976, 349A, 535–554.
- Dümmer T, Lasalvia JC, Ravichandran G and Meyers MA: ‘Effect of strain rate on plastic flow and failure in polycrystalline tungsten’, Acta Mater., 1998, 46, 6267–6290.
- Nikolaeva AV, Nikolaev YA and Kevorkyan YR: ‘Grain-boundary segregation of phosphorus in low-alloy steel’, Atom. Energy, 2001, 91, 534–542.
- Ishida K: ‘Effect of grain size on grain boundary segregation’, J. Alloys Compd, 1996, 235, 244–249.
- McLean D: ‘Grain boundaries in metals’; 1957, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
- Naudin C, Frund JM and Pineau A: ‘Intergranular fracture stress and phosphorus grain boundary segregation of a Mn–Ni–Mo steel’, Scr. Mater., 1999, 40, 1013–1019.
- Ogura T, Watanabe T, Karashima S and Masumoto T: ‘Dependence of phosphorus segregation on grain boundary crystallography in an Fe–Ni–Cr alloy’, Acta Metall., 1987, 35, 1807–1814.
- Kobayashi S, Tsurekawa S, Watanabe T and Palumbo G: ‘Grain boundary engineering for control of sulfur segregation-induced embrittlement in ultrafine-grained nickel’, Scr. Mater., 2010, 62, 294–297.
- Ko WS, Kim NJ and Lee BJ: ‘Atomistic modeling of an impurity element and a metal–impurity system: pure P and Fe–P system’, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2012, 24, 225002.
- DeHoff RT and Rhines FN: ‘Quantitative microscopy’; 1968, New York, McGraw Hill.
- Erhart H and Grabke HJ: ‘Equilibrium segregation of phosphorus at grain boundaries of Fe–P, Fe–C–P, Fe–Cr–P, and Fe–Cr–C–P alloys embrittlement’, Met. Sci., 1981, 15, 401–408.
- Kim JI, Pak JH, Park KS, Jang JH, Suh DW and Bhadeshia HKDH: ‘Segregation of phosphorus to ferrite grain boundaries during transformation in Fe–P alloy’, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2014, 105, 1166–1172.
- Gupta D: ‘Influence of solute segregation on grain-boundary energy and self-diffusion’, Metall. Trans. A, 1977, 8A, 1431–1438.
- Suzuki S, Obata M, Abiko K and Kimura H: ‘Effect of carbon on the grain boundary segregation of phosphorus in α-iron’, Scr. Metall., 1983, 17, 1325–1328.
- Grabke HJ, Moller R, Erhart H and Brenner SS: ‘Effects of the alloying elements Ti, Nb, Mo and V on the grain boundary segregation of P in iron and steels’, Surf. Interface Anal., 1987, 10, 202–209.
- Rose AJ, Mohammed F, Smith AWF, Davies PA and Clarke RD: ‘Superbainite: laboratory concept to commercial product’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, 1094–1098.
- Dumoulin P, Guttmann M, Foucault M, Palmier M, Wayman CM and Biscondi M: ‘Role of molybdenum in phosphorus-induced temper embrittlement’, Met. Sci., 1980, 14, 1–15.
- Guillou R, Guttmann M and Dumoulin P: ‘Role of molybdenum in phosphorus-induced temper embrittlement of 12%Cr martensitic stainless steel’, Met. Sci., 1981, 15, 63–72.
- Grabke HJ, Hennesen K, Moller R and Wei W: ‘Effects of manganese on the grain boundary segregation, bulk and grain boundary diffusivity of P in ferrite’, Scr. Metall., 1987, 21, 1329–1334.
- Krauss G and McMahon CJ Jr: ‘Low toughness and embrittlement phenomena in steels’, in ‘Martensite’, (ed. Olson G B and Owen W S), 295–322; 1992, Materials OH, ASM International.
- McMahon CJ Jr, Cianelli AK and Feng HC: ‘The influence of Mo on P–lnduced temper embrittlement in Ni–Cr steel’, Metall. Trans. A, 1977, 8A, 1055–1057.
- Yu J, and McMahon CJ Jr: ‘The effects of composition and carbide precipitation on temper embrittlement of 2.25 Cr–1 Mo steel: Part I. Effects of P and Sn ’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1980, 11A, 277–289.
- Zelenty JE: ‘Understanding thermally induced embrittlement in low copper RPV steels utilising atom probe tomography’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000718.
- Lu Z, Faulkner RG, Sakaguchi N, Konshita H, Takahashi H and Flewitt PEJ: ‘Control of phosphorus inter-granular segregation in ferritic steels’, J. Nucl. Mater., 2004, 329, 1017–1021.
- Seah MP, Spencer PJ and Hondros ED: ‘Additive remedy for temper brittleness’, Met. Sci., 1979, 13, 307–314.
- Garcia CI, Ratz GA, Burke MG and DeArdo AJ: ‘Reducing temper embrittlement by lanthanide additions’, J. Met., 1985, 37, 22–28.
- Hayzelden C: ‘Secondary particle dispersions and impurity gettering in ultrahigh strength steels’, in ‘Innovations in ultrahigh-strength steel technology’, (ed. Olson E S W G B and Azrin M), 383–406; 1987, Watertwon, MA, US Army Materials Technology Laboratory.
- Chen X.-M, Song S.-H, Weng L.-Q and Wang K: ‘Combined hardening and non-hardening embrittlement of an interstitial free steel’, Mater. Lett., 2012, 67, 107–109.
- Mulford RA, McMahon CJ Jr, Pope DP and Feng HC: ‘Temper embrittlement of Ni–Cr steels by phosphorus’, Metall. Trans. A, 1976, 7A, 1183–1195.
- Beremen FM, Pineau A, Mudry F, Devaux J.-C, D’Escatha Y and Ledermann P: ‘A local criterion for cleavage fracture of a nuclear pressure vessel steel’, Metall. Trans. A, 1983, 14A, 2277–2287.
- Hoile S: ‘Processing and properties of mild interstitial free steels’, Mater. Sci. and Technol., 2000, 16, 1079–1093.
- Magee CL and Davies RG: ‘Automotive sheet steels’, in ‘Alloys for the 80s’, 25–24; 1980, Detroid, MI, Climax Molybdenum Co., available at http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2013/Alloys_Eighties.pdf
- Jordan CE and Marder AR: ‘Fe–Zn phase formation in interstitial-free steels hot-dip galvanized at 450°C’, J. Mater. Sci., 1997, 32, 5593–5602.
- Jordan CE and Marder AR: ‘Fe–Zn phase formation in interstitial-free steels hot-dip galvanized at 450°C, part II’, J. Mater. Sci., 1997, 32, 5603–5610.
- Marder AR: ‘Metallurgy of zinc–coated steel’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2000, 45, 191–271.
- Feliu S Jr and Pérez-Revenga ML: ‘Effect of alloying elements (Ti, Nb, Mn and P) and the water vapour content in the annealing atmosphere on the surface composition of interstitial-free steels at the galvanising temperature’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2004, 229, 112–123.
- Mega T, Shimomura J and Seto K: ‘Grain boundary segregation of phosphorus, boron and manganese in high tensile strength steel sheet’, Mater. Trans., JIM, 1996, 37, 323–329.
- Rege JS, Hua M, Garcia CI and DeArdo AJ: ‘The segregation behavior of phosphorus in Ti and Ti1Nb stabilized interstitial-free steels’, ISIJ Int., 2000, 40, 191–199.
- Yasuhara E, Sakata K, Kato T and Hashimoto O: ‘Effecct of boron on the resistance to secondary working embrittlement in extra-low-C cold-rolled steel sheet’, ISIJ Int., 1994, 34, 99–107.
- El-Kashif E, Asakura K and Shibata K: ‘Effect of cooling rate after recrystallization on P and B segregation along grain boundary in if steels’, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43, 2007–2014.
- Pereloma EV, Timokhina IB, Nosenkov AI and Jonas JJ: ‘Role of Cr and P additions in the development of microstructure and texture in annealed low carbon steels’, Metalurgija, 2004, 43, 149–154.
- Kim SI, Choi SH and Lee Y: ‘Influence of phosphorous and boron on dynamic recrystallization and microstructures of hot-rolled interstitial free steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, A406, 125–133.
- Misra RD, Weatherly G and Embury D: ‘Kinetics of cold work embrittlement in rephosphorised, interstitial free steels’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2000, 16, 9–12.
- Misra RDK: ‘Temperature-time dependence of grain boundary segregation of phosphorus in interstitial-free steels’, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 2002, 21, 1275–1279.
- James MN: ‘Intergranular crack paths during fatigue in interstitial-free steels’, Eng. Fract. Mech., 2010, 77, 1998–2007.
- Ramos AS, Sandim HRZ and Hashimoto TM: ‘FeNbP in ultra-low carbon Nb-added steel containing high P’, Mater. Charact., 2000, 45, 171–174.
- Hertveldt I, Cooman BCD and Claessens S: ‘Influence of annealing conditions on the galvanizability and galvannealing properties of TiNb interstitial-free steels, strengthened with phosphorous and manganese’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, 31A, 1225–1232.
- Hertveldt I, Cooman BCD and Claessens S: ‘Hot dip galvanising and galvannealing of P and Mn strengthened TiNb IF steels’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2001, 17, 1508–1515.
- Chen HC, Era H and Shimizu M: ‘Effect of phosphorus on the formation of retained austenite and mechanical-properties in Si-containing low-carbon steel sheet’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1989, 20A, 437–445.
- Jing C, Suh DW, Oh CS, Wang Z and Kim SJ: ‘Effects of phosphorous addition on mechanical properties and retained austenite stability of 0.15C–1.5Mn–1.5Al TRIP-aided cold rolled steels’, Met. Mater. Int., 2007, 13, 13–19.
- Ichikawa K, Horii Y, Motomatsu R, Yamaguchi M and Yurioka N: ‘Mechanical properties of weld metal of fire resistant steel by large heat input submerged arc welding’, Q. J. Jpn Weld. Soc., 1996, 14, 27–32.
- Bhadeshia HKDH: ‘Models for the elementary mechanical properties of steel welds’, in ‘Mathematical modelling of weld phenomena 3’, (ed. Cerjak H and Bhadeshia H K D H), Vol. 3, 235–255; 1997, London, Institute of Materials.
- Iezawa T, Inoue T, Hirano O, Okazawa T and Koseki T: ‘Effect of boron on liquid Zn embrittlement in HAZ of STKT590 steel tube for power transmission tower’, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1993, 79, 96–102.
- Traint S, Pichler A, Hauzenberger K, Stiaszny P and Werner E: ‘Influence of silicon, aluminium, phosphorus and copper on the phase transformations of low alloyed trip-steels’, Steel Res., 2002, 73, 259–266.
- Zaefferer S, Ohlert J and Bleck W: ‘A study of microstructure, transformation mechanisms and correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of a low alloyed TRIP steel’, Acta Mater., 2004, 52, 2765–2778.
- Ki L, Cooman BCD, Liu RD, Vleugels J, Zhang M and Shi W: ‘Design of TRIP steel with high welding and galvanizing performance in light of thermodynamics and kinetics’, J. Iron Steel Res., 2007, 14, 37–41.
- Li X, Zhu D and Wang X: ‘Evaluation on dispersion behavior of the aqueous copper nano-suspensions’, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2007, 310, 456–463.
- Hyde RS, Krauss G and Matlock DK: ‘Phosphorus and carbon segregation: effects on fatigue and fracture of gas-carburized modified 4320 steel’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1994, 25A, 1229–1240.
- Raghavan V: ‘Phase diagrams of ternary iron alloys’, Vol. 3, 33–44; 1988, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Metals.
- Wang J and van der Zwaag S: ‘Theoretical study of phosphorus containing TRIP steel, part 1: determination of the phosphorus concentration’, Z. Metallkd, 2001, 92, 1299–1305.
- Wang J and van der Zwaag S: ‘Theoretical study of phosphorus containing TRIP steel, part 2: analysis of the potential TRIP effect’, Z. Metallkd, 2001, 92, 1306–1311.
- Kumar A, Singh SB and Ray KK: ‘Fatigue crack growth behaviour of ferrite–bainite dual phase steels’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29, 1507–1512.
- Bouquerel J, Verbeken K, Krizan D, Barbe L, Verleysen P and Houbaert Y: ‘Evaluation of the static stress–strain behaviour of phosphorus alloyed and titanium micro-alloyed TRIP steels’, Steel Res. Int., 2008, 79, 784–792.
- Jimenez-Melero E, van Dijk NH, Zhao L, Sietsma J, Offerman SE, Wright JP and van der Zwaag S: ‘The effect of aluminium and phosphorus on the stability of individual austenite grains in trip steels’, Acta Mater., 2009, 57, 533–543.
- Hou XY, Xu YB, Zhao YF and Wu D: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot rolled low silicon TRIP steel containing phosphorus and vanadium’, J. Iron Steel Res., 2011, 18, 40–45.
- Kang SE, Banerjee JR, Tuling A and Mintz B: ‘Influence of P and N on hot ductility of high Al, boron containing TWIP steels’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, 1328–1335.
- Baker TJ and Harrison WD: ‘Overheating and burning in steel castings’, Met. Technol., 1975, 2, 201–205.
- Bridge MR and Rogers GD: ‘Structural effects and band segregate formation during the electromagnetic stirring of strand-cast steel’, Metall. Trans. B, 1984, 15B, 581–589.
- Golanski G, Stachura S, Kupczyk J and Kucharska-Gajda B: ‘Heat treatment of cast steel using normalization and intercritical annealing’, Arch. Foundry Eng., 2007, 7, 123–126.
- Yoshida N, Umezawa O and Nagai K: ‘Influence of phosphorus on solidification structure in continuously cast 0.1 mass% carbon steel’, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43, 348–357.
- Yoshida N, Umezawa O and Nagai K: ‘Analysis on refinement of columnar γ grain by phosphorus in continuously cast 0.1 mass% carbon steel’, ISIJ Int., 2004, 44, 547–555.
- Banks KM, Tuling A and Mintz B: ‘Influence of thermal history on hot ductility of steel and its relationship to the problem of cracking in continuous casting’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28, 536–542.
- Giri SK, Chanda T, Chatterjee S and Kumar A: ‘Hot ductility of C–Mn and microalloyed steels evaluated for thin slab continuous casting process’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, 268–276.
- Guo AM, Wang YH, Shen DD, Yuan ZX and Song SH: ‘Influence of phosphorus on the hot ductility of 2.25Cr1Mo steel’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2003, 19, 1553–1556.
- Faulkner RG: ‘Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation in austenitic alloys’, J. Mater. Sci., 1981, 16, 373–383.
- Song SH, and Zheng L: ‘Effect of thermal cycling induced phosphorus grain boundary segregation on embrittlement of welding heat affected zones in 2.25Cr–1Mo steel’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, 1378–1385.