Quantitative 3D characterisation of porous NiTi fabricated by self-propagating high temperature synthesis using X-ray microtomography

References

• Ayers RA, Bateman TA and Simske SJ: ‘Porous NiTi as a material for bone engineering’, in ‘Shape memory implants’, (ed. Yahia D L), 73–88; 2000, Berlin, Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Pandit A and Apatsidis DP: ‘Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthodontic applications’, Biomaterials, 2006, 27, 2651–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klawitter JJ and Weinstein AM: ‘The status of porous materials to obtain direct skeletal attachment by tissue growth’, Acta Orthop. Belg., 1974, 40, 755–765.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spector M, Michno MJ, Smarook WH and Kwiatkowski GT: ‘A high modulus polymer for porous orthopedic implants: biomechanical compatibility of porous implants’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1978, 12, 665–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn H and Palich W: ‘Preliminary evaluation of porous metal surface titanium for orthopedic application’, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1970, 4, 571–577.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yue S, Pillar RM and Weatherly GC: ‘The fatigue strength of porous coated Ti–6Al–4V implant alloy’, J. Biomed. Mater Res., 1984, 18, 1043–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn DH and Ducheneye P: ‘A parametric study of the factors affecting the fatigue strength of porous coated Ti–6Al–4V implant alloy’, J. Biomed. Res., 1990, 24, 1483–1501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kienapfel H, Sprey A, Wilke A and Griss P: ‘Implant fixation by bone in-growth’, J. Arthropasty, 1999, 14, 355–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector M: ‘Historical review of porous coated implants’, J. Arthroplasty, 1987, 2, 163–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simske SJ and Sachdeva R: ‘Cranial bone opposition and ingrowth in a porous nickel–titanium implant’, J. Biomed. Res. 1995, 29, 527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungethum M and Blomer W: ‘Technology of cementless hip endoprosthetics’, Orthopade, 1987, 16, 206–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman MA and Railton GT: ‘Cementless fixation in endoprosthetics’, Orthopade, 1987, 16, 206–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kröner C and Singer R: ‘Processing of metal foams – challenges and opportunities’, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2000, 2, 159–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh IH, Nomura N, Masahashi N and Hanada S: ‘Mechanical properties of porous titanium compacts prepared by powder sintering’, Scr. Mater., 2003, 49, 1197–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme M, Wieters KP, Berger F, Schawanweber D, Worch H, Ndop J, Kim TJ and Grill W: ‘Titanium powder sintering for preparation of a porous functionally graded material destined for orthopedic implants’, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 2001, 12, 225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberstein BM and Gyunter VE: ‘Shape memory implants in spinal surgery’; 2000, Berlin, Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shabalovskyay SA: ‘On the nature of bio-compatibility and on medical applications of NiTi shape memory alloys’, Biomed. Mater. Eng., 1996, 6, 267–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airoldi G and Riva G: ‘Innovative materials: the NiTi alloys in orthodontics’, Biomed. Mater. Eng., 1996, 6, 299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer H, Vogel B and Welle A: ‘Applications of shape memory alloys in medical instruments’, Minim. Invasive. Ther. Allied Technol., 2004, 13, 248–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itin VI, Gyunter VE, Shabalovskya SA and Sachdeva RL: ‘Mechanical properties and shape memory of porous nitinol’, Mater. Charact., 1994, 32, 179–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neurohr AJ and Dunand DC: ‘Shape memory NiTi with two-dimensional network of microchannels’, Acta. Biomater., 2011, 7, 1862–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka K and Ren X: ‘Physical metallurgy of Ni–Ti based shaped memory alloys’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2005, 50, 511–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li BY, Rong LJ, Li Y and Gjunter VE: ‘A recent development in producing porous NiTi shape memory alloys’, Intermetallics, 2000, 8, 881–884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li BY, Rong LJ, Li Y and Gjunter VE: ‘Synthesis of porous Ni–Ti shape memory alloys by self propagating high temperature synthesis: reaction, mechanism, and anisotropy of pore structure’, Acta. Mater., 2000, 48, 3895–3990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansiddhi A, Sargent TD, Stupp SI and Dunand DC: ‘Porous NiTi for bone implants: a review’, Acta Biomater., 2008, 4, 773–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas A: ‘Porous NiTi by thermal explosion mode of SHS: processing mechanism and generation of single phase structures’, Acta Mater., 2005, 53, 1415–1425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock SR: ‘Recent advances in X-ray microtomography applied to materials ‘, Int. Mater. Rev., 2008, 53, 129–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maire E and Withers PJ: ‘Quantitative tomography’, Int. Mater. Rev., 2014, 59 1–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Lee PD, Lindley TC, Kohlhauser C, Hellmich C, Bram M, Imwinkelried T and Dashwood RJ: ‘Characterisation of the deformation behavior of intermediate porosity interconnected Ti foams using micro-computed tomography and direct finite element method’, Acta Biomater., 2010, 6, 2342–2351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Lee PD, Jones JR, Poologasundarampillai G, Post T, Lindley TC and Dashwood RJ: ‘Hierarchically structured titanium foams for tissue scaffold applications’, Acta Biomater., 2010, 6, 4596–4604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Lee PD, Lindley TC, Dashwood RJ, Ferrie E and Imwinkelried T: ‘Characterisation of the structure and permeability of titanium foams for spinal fusion devices’, Acta Biomater., 2009, 5, 477–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy SK and Biswas A: ‘Combustion of powder mixtures forming reaction products – synthesis of NiAl’, Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., 2001, 22, 567–580.
   Google Scholar
• Roy SK and Biswas A: ‘Combustion synthesis of TiB and TiB2 under vacuum’, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994, 13, 371–375.
   Google Scholar
• Greiner C, Oppenheimer SM and Dunand DC: ‘High strength low stiffness porous NiTi with superelastic properties’, Acta Biomater., 2005, 1, 705–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Taya M, Kang Y and Kawasaki Y: ‘Compression behavior of porous NiTi shape memory alloy’, Acta Mater., 2005, 53, 337–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan N and Arunachalam VS: ‘Effective elastic moduli of porous ceramic materials’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1993, 76, 2745–2752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AC, Arns CH, Sheppard AP, Hutmacher DW, Milthorpe BK and Knackstedt MA: ‘Assessment of bone ingrowth into porous biomaterials using micro-CT’, Biomaterials, 2007, 28, 2491–2504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guldberg RE, Duvall CL, Peister A, Oest ME, Lin ASP, Palmer AW and Levenston ME: ‘3D imaging of tissue integration with porous biomaterials’, Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 3757–3761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Wu S, Yeung KWK, Chan YL, Hu T, Xu Z, Liu X, Chung JYC, C. Cheung KM and Chu PL:’ Relationship between osteointegration and superelastic biomechanics in porous NiTi scaffolds’, Biomaterials, 2011, 32, 330–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett TL, McDonald SA, Gholinia A, Geurts R, Janus M, Slater T, Haigh SJ, Ornek C, Almuaili F, Engelberg DL, Thompson GE and Withers PJ: ‘Correlative tomography’, Sci. Rep., 2014, 4, 4711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar