26
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The association between change in motor function and cognition in older adults: a descriptive review

Pages 91-101 | Published online: 19 Jul 2013

References

  • Peterson RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999;56:303–8.
  • Cummings JL. The neuropsychiatry of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. London: Martin Dunitz, 2003.
  • Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Beckett LA, Evans DA, Bennett DA. Progression of gait disorder and rigidity and risk of death in older persons. Neurology 2002;58:1815–9.4 Scarmeas N, Albert M, Brandt J, Blacker D, Hadjigeorgiou G, Papadimitriou A, et al. Motor signs predict poor outcomes in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005;64:1696–703.
  • Stern Y, Albert M, Brandt J, Jacobs DM, Tang MX, Marder K, et al. Utility of extrapyramidal signs and psychosis as predictors of cognitive and functional decline, nursing home admission, and death in Alzheimer’s disease: prospective analyses from the Predictors Study. Neurology 1994;44:2300–2307.
  • Waite LM, Grayson DA, Piguet O, Creasey H, Bennett HP, Broe GA. Gait slowing as a predictor of incident dementia: 6-year longitudinal data from the Sydney Older Persons Study. J Neurol Sci 2005;229–230:89–93.
  • Lopez OL, Wisnieski SR, Becker JT, Boller F, DeKosky ST. Extrapyramidal signs in patients with probable Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1997;54:969–75.
  • Murman DL, Kuo SB, Powell MC, Colenda CC. The impact of Parkinsonism on costs of care in patients with AD and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2003;61:944–9.
  • Shkuratova N, Morris ME, Huxham F. Effects of age on balance control during walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:582–8.
  • Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar NL, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 1997; 77:812–9.
  • Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther 2002;82:128–37
  • Lusardi MM, Pellecchia GL, Schulman M. Functional performance in community living older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2003;26:14–22.
  • Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Monsch AU, Weyh A, von Dechend M, Akos R, et al. Identifying a cut-off point for normal mobility: a comparison of the timed ‘up and go’ test in community-dwelling and institutionalised elderly women. Age Ageing 2003;32: 315–20.
  • McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939–44.
  • Ala TA, Frey WH 2nd. Validation of the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria regarding gait in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. A clinicopathologic study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1995;9:152–9.
  • Thomas VS, Vandenberg EV, Potter JF. Non-neurological factors are implicated in impairments in gait and mobility among patients in a clinical dementia referral population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17:128–33.
  • Morris JC. Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Int Psychogeriatr 1997;9 (Suppl. 1):173–6.
  • Waite LM, Broe GA, Creasey H, Grayson D, Edelbrock D, O’Toole B. Neurological signs, aging, and the neurodegenerative syndromes. Arch Neurol 1996;53:498–502.
  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12:189–98.
  • Pettersson AF, Engardt M, Wahlund LO. Activity level and balance in subjects with mild Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002;13:213–6.
  • Wade DT, Legh-Smith J, Langton-Hewer R. Social activities after stroke: measurement and natural history using the Frenchay Activities Index. Int Rehabil Med 1985;7:176–81.
  • Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, Holliday PJ, Wood-Dauphinee SL. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:1073–80.
  • Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:142–8.
  • Johansson G, Jarnloo GB. Balance training in 70-year-old women. Phys Ther Pract 1991;7:121–5.
  • Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB, Kuslansky G, Katz MJ, Buschke H. Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-Alzheimer’s dementia. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1761–8.
  • Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 1986;80:429–34.
  • Camicioli R, Howieson D, Lehman S, Kaye J. Talking while walking: the effect of a dual task in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1997;48:955–8.
  • Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999;56:303–8.
  • Pettersson AF, Olsson E, Wahlund LO. Motor function in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005;19:299–304.
  • Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, Jelic V, Fratiglioni L, Wahlund L-O, et al. Mild cognitive impairment – beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med 2004;256:240–6.
  • Marquis S, Moore MM, Howieson DB, Sexton G, Payami H, Kaye JA, et al. Independent predictors of cognitive decline in healthy elderly persons. Arch Neurol 2002;59:601–6.
  • Wang L, Larson EB, Bowen JD, van Belle G. Performance-based physical function and future dementia in older people. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1115–20.
  • Teng EL, Hasegawa K, Homma A, Imai Y, Larson E, Graves A, et al. The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 1994;6:45–58.
  • Beers MH (ed). Merk manual. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merk & Co. Inc., 2004.
  • Ellis RJ, Caligiuri M, Galasko D, Thal LJ. Extrapyramidal motor signs in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1996;10:103–14.
  • Richards M, Stern Y, Mayeux R. Subtle extrapyramidal signs can predict the development of dementia in elderly individuals. Neurology 1993;43:2184–8.
  • Richards M, Stern Y, Mayeux R. Subtle extrapyramidal signs and incident dementia: a follow-up analysis. Neurology 1995;45:1942.
  • Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:797–811.
  • Richards M, Touchon J, Ledesert B, Ritchie K. Mild extrapyramidal signs and functional impairment in ageing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17:150–3.
  • Ritchie K, Ledesert B. The measurement of incapacity in the severely demented elderly: the validation of a behavioral assessment scale. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991;6:217–66.
  • Hoehm M. Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 1967;17:427–42.
  • Scarmeas N, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Papadimitriou A, Dubois B, Sarazin M, Brandt J, et al. Motor signs during the course of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004;63:975–82.
  • Stern Y, Tang MX, Albert MS, Brandt J, Jacobs DM, Bell K, et al. Predicting time to nursing home care and death in individuals with Alzheimer disease. JAMA 12 1997;277:806–812.
  • Waite LM, Broe GA, Grayson DA, Creasey H. Preclinical syndromes predict dementia: the Sydney older persons study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:296–302.
  • Attems J, Quass M, Jellinger KA. Tau and alpha-synuclein brainstem pathology in Alzheimer disease: relation with extrapyramidal signs. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2007;113:53–62.
  • Weiner MF, Hynan LS, Parikh B, Zaki N, White CL, Bigio EH, et al Can Alzheimer’s disease and dementias with Lewy bodies be distinguished clinically? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003;16:245–250.
  • Franssen EH, Reisberg B, Kluger A, Sinaiko E, Boja C. Cognitionindependent neurologic symptoms in normal aging and probable Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol 1991;48:148–54.
  • Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1136–9.
  • Ott BR, Ellias SA, Lannon MC. Quantitative assessment of movement in Alzheimer’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995;8:71–5.
  • Binder EF, Storandt M, Birge SJ. The relation between psychometric test performance and physical performance in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54: M428–32.
  • Reuben DB, Siu AL. An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients. The Physical Performance Test. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:1105–12.
  • Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 1994;49: M85–94.
  • Kluger A, Gianutsos JG, Golomb J, Ferris SH, Reisberg B. Motor/psychomotor dysfunction in normal aging, mild cognitive decline, and early Alzheimer’s disease: diagnostic and differential diagnostic features. Int Psychogeriatr 1997;9(Suppl. 1): 307–16
  • Reitan RM, Davison LA. Clinical neuropsychology: current status and applications. New York: Hemisphere, 1974.
  • Matthews CG, Klove H. Instruction manual for the Adult Neuropsychology Test Battery. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1964.
  • Klove H. Clinical neuropsychology. In: Forster FM (ed). The medical clinicals of North America. New York: Saunders, 1963.
  • Tiffin J, Asher EF. The Purdue Pegboard: norms and studies of reliability and validity. J Appl Psychol 1948;32:234–47.
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.
  • Christensen AL. Luria’s neuropsychological investigations. New York: Spectrum, 1975.
  • Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Crane P, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med 17 2006;144:73–81.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.