The emergence of agropastoralism: Accelerated ecocultural change on the Andean altiplano, ∼3540–3120 cal BP

References

• Abbott, M., Binford, M., Brenner, M. and Kelts, K. 1997a. A 3500 14C yr high-resolution record of water-level changes in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru. Quaternary Research 47, 169–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, M., Seltzer, G., Kelts, K. and Southon, J. 1997b. Holocene paleohydrology of the tropical Andes from lake records. Quaternary research 47, 70–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, M., Wolfe, B., Aravena, R., Wolfe, A. and Seltzer, G. 2000. Holocene hydrological reconstructions from stable isotopes and paleolimnology, Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 1801–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albarracín-Jordan, J. 1992. Prehispanic and Early Colonial Settlement Patterns in the Lower Tiwanaku Valley, Bolivia. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
   Google Scholar
• Aldenderfer, M. 1996. Informe: reconocimiento arqueológico de la cuenca del Río Ilave. Research report. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
   Google Scholar
• Aldenderfer, M. 1998. Montane Foragers: Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Aldenderfer, M. and Flores Blanco, L. 2011. Reflexiones para avanzar en los estudios del período arcaico en Los Andes centro-sur. Chungara 43, 531–50.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, D. G., Maasch, K. and Sandweiss, D. (eds.) 2007. Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene Transitions. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baden, W. (ed.) 2005. Nonlinear Models for Archaeology and Anthropology: Continuing the Revolution. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, P., Rigsby, C., Seltzer, G., Fritz, S., Lowenstein, T., Bacher, N. and Veliz, C. 2001. Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian altiplano. Nature 409, 698–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, P., Fritz, S., Garland, J. and Ekdahl, E. 2005. Holocene hydrologic variation at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru, and its relationship to North Atlantic climate variation. Journal of Quaternary Science 20, 655–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamforth, D. B. and Grund, B. 2012. Radiocarbon calibration curves, summed probability distributions, and early Paleoindian population trends in North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 1768–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandy, M. 2001. Population and History in the Ancient Titicaca Basin. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Bandy, M. 2005. Energetic efficiency and political expediency in Titicaca Basin raised field agriculture. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24, 271–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandy, M. 2006. Early Village society in the Formative period in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, pp. 210–36 in Isbell, W. and Silverman, H. (eds.), Andean Archaeology III: North and South. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Baucom, P. and Rigsby, C. 1999. Climate and lake-level history of the northern Altiplano, Bolivia, as recorded in Holocene sediments of the Rio Desaguadero. Journal of Sedimentary Research 69, 597–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A. 2009. Rolling out revolution: using radiocarbon dating in archaeology. Radiocarbon 51, 123–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A. and Bronk Ramsey, C. 2004. Pragmatic Bayesians: a decade of integrating radiocarbon dates into chronological models, pp. 25–41 in Buck, C. and Millard, A. (eds.), Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A., Healy, F., Whittle, A. and Cooney, G. 2011. Neolithic narratives: British and Irish enclosure in their timescapes, pp. 682–847 in Whittle, A., Healy, F., Bayliss, A. and Allen, M. (eds.), Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxbow.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, R. 2004a. Platforms of Power: House, Community, and Social Change in the Formative Lake Titicaca Basin. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Northwestern University, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, R. 2004b. Architecture and polity in the formative Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Latin American Antiquity 15, 323–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, R. and Maschner, H. (eds.) 2003. Complex Systems and Archaeology: Empirical and Theoretical Applications. Salt Lake City: University of Utah.
   Google Scholar
• Berglund, B. 2003. Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link? Quaternary International 105, 7–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermann, M. and Estévez Castillo, J. 1995. Domestic artifact assemblages and ritual activities in the Bolivian Formative. Journal of Field Archaeology 22, 389–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonavia, D. 1999. The domestication of Andean camelids, pp. 127–45 in Politis, G. and Alberti, B. (eds.), Archaeology in Latin America. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browman, D. 1980. Tiwanaku Expansion and Altiplano Economic Patterns. Estudios Arqueológicos 5, 107–20.
   Google Scholar
• Browman, D. 1981. New Light on Andean Tiwanaku. American Scientist 69, 408–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browman, D. 1989. Origins and development of Andean pastoralism: an overview of the past 6000 years, pp. 256–75, in Clutton-Brock, J. (ed.), The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication Pastoralism and Predation. London: Unwin Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Browman, D. 1998. Lithic provenience analysis and emerging material complexity at Formative period Chiripa, Bolivia. Andean Past 5, 301–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno, M. 2008. Waranq Waranqa: Ethnobotanical Perspectives on Agricultural Intensification in the Lake Titicaca Basin (Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia). Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno, M. and Whitehead, W. 2003. Chenopodium cultivation and Formative period agriculture at Chiripa, Bolivia. Latin American Antiquity 14, 339–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, C. and Millard, A. (eds.) 2004. Tools for Constructing Chronologies: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Calaway, M. 2005. Ice cores, sediments and civilisation collapse: a cautionary tale from Lake Titicaca. Antiquity 79, 778–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calla Maldonado, S. 2011. Prospección arqueológica en el Valle Alto de Tiwanaku, contribuciones al estudio de la evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en el Valle de Tiwanaku. Unpublished Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
   Google Scholar
• Capriles, J., Calla Maldonado, S. and Albarracín-Jordán, J. 2011. Tecnología lítica y estrategias de subsistencia durante los periodos Arcaico y Formativo en el altiplano central, Bolivia. Chungara 43, 455–68.
   Google Scholar
• Capriles, J. M. and Albarracín-Jordan, J. 2013. The earliest human occupations in Bolivia: a review of the archaeological evidence. Quaternary International 301, 46–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capriles and Flores, J. 2011. The Economic Organization of early Camelid Pastoralism in the Andean Highlands of Bolivia. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis.
   Google Scholar
• Cipolla, L. M. 2005. Preceramic period settlement patterns in the Huancané-Putina River Valley, northern Titicaca Basin, Peru, pp. 55–63 in Stanish, C., Cohen, A. and Aldenderfer, M. (eds.), Advances in Titicaca Basin Archaeology–1. Los Angeles: Costen Institute of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. 2010. Ritual and Architecture in the Titicaca Basin: The Development of the Sunken Court Complex in the Formative Period. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, N. 2005. The Formation of early Settled Villages and the Emergence of Leadership: A Test of Three Theoretical Models in the Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, N. 2011. Cultural dynamics, climate, and Landscape in the south-central Andes during the mid–late Holocene: a consideration of two socio-natural perspectives. Chungara 43, 367–91.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, S., Baker, P., Seltzer, G., Fritz, S. and Dunbar, R. 2000. A new estimate of the Holocene lowstand level of Lake Titicaca, central Andes, and implications for tropical palaeohydrology. The Holocene 10, 21–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Agostino, K., Seltzer, G., Baker, P., Fritz, S. and Dunbar, R. 2002. Late-Quaternary lowstands of Lake Titicaca: evidence from high-resolution seismic data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 179, 97–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclaux, F., Coudrain, A. and Condom, T. 2007. Evaporation estimation on Lake Titicaca: a synthesis review and modelling. Hydrological Processes 21, 1664–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisentraut, P. 1998. Macrobotanical Remains from Southern Peru: A Comparison of Late Archaic-Early Formative Period Sites from the Puna and Suni Zones of the Western Titicaca Basin. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, C. 2000. The Lake Titicaca basin: a precolumbian built landscape, pp. 311–56 in Lentz, D. (ed.), Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas. New York: Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Finucane, B., Valdez, J., Pérez Calderon, I., Pomacanchari, C., Valdez, L. and O'Connell, T. 2007. The end of empire: new radiocarbon dates from the Ayacucho Valley, Peru, and their implications for the collapse of the Wari State. Radiocarbon 49, 579–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. 2007. Time and Process in an early Village Settlement System on the Bolivian Southern Altiplano. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Fritz, S. C., Baker, P. A., Tapia, P. and Garland, J. 2006. Spatial and temporal variation in cores from Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru during the last 13,000 yrs. Quaternary International 158, 23–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabelmann, O. 2008. Keramikproduktion in Santa Lucía: Ein blick auf die ‘peripherie’ des Formativums im südzentralen andenraum. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Gasco, A. 2013. Caza y pastoreo de camélidos en la frontera meridional del ‘mundo’ andino. Una aproximación osteométrica. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
   Google Scholar
• Gladwell, R. 2007. El rango de Machaca (Quimsachata) como zona de producción pastoral: Implicaciones históricas para comprender paisajes del pasado, pp. 22–65 in Janusek, J. W. and Plaza Martinez, V. (eds.), Khonkho e Iruhito: Tercer informe preliminar del proyecto Jach'a Machaca. Report presented to the Unidad Nacional de Arqueología, La Paz, Bolivia.
   Google Scholar
• Gosling, D. and Williams, J. 2013. Ecosystem service provision sets the pace for pre-Hispanic societal development in the central Andes. The Holocene 23, 1619–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, W. R. 2013. The forager-farmer transition in the Ilave Basin, Peru: site size, residential mobility, and neutral theory. Poster presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Andean Studies, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Hastorf, C. 2008. The Formative period in the Titicaca Basin, pp. 545–61 in Silverman, H. and Isbell, W. (eds.), The Handbook of South American Archaeology. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Haug, G., Hughen, K., Sigman, D., Peterson, L. and Röhl, U. 2001. Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene. Science 293, 1304–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herhahn, C. 2004. Moving to Live: A Pastoral Mobility Model from the South-Central Andes, Peru. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, A., Hua, Q., Blackwell, P., Niu, N., Buck, C., Guilderson, T., Heaton, T., Palmer, J., Reimer, P., Reimer, R., Turney, C. and Zimmerman, S. 2013. SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–50,000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1889–903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janusek, J. 2003. Vessels, time, and society: toward a chronology of ceramic style in the Tiwanaku heartland, pp. 30–92 in Kolata, A. (ed.), Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeological and Paleoecological Investigations of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 2: Urban and Rural Archaeology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Janusek, J. and Kolata, A. 2004. Top-down or bottom-up: rural settlement and raised field agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23, 404–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez, V. 2012. La movilidad de los cazadores–recolectores en el Valle de Markanasa durante el Período Arcaico (7700–3200 AP). Unpublished Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. and Nicholls, G. 2001. Reservoir offset models for radiocarbon calibration. Radiocarbon 43, 119–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M., Petchey, F., Green, R., Sheppard, P. and Phelan, M. 2007. The marine ΔR For Nenumbo (Solomon Islands): a case study in calculating reservoir offsets from paired sample data. Radiocarbon 49, 95–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, R. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter–Gatherer Lifeways. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kent, J. 1982. The Domestication and Exploitation of the South American Camelids: Methods of Analysis and their Application to Circum-Lacustrine Sites in Bolivia and Peru. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis.
   Google Scholar
• Kigoshi, K. and Endo, K. 1963. Gakushuin Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II. Radiocarbon 5, 109–17.
   Google Scholar
• Klink, C. 2005. Archaic period research in the Rio Huenque valley, Peru, pp. 13–24 in Stanish, C., Cohen, A. and Aldenderfer, M. (eds.), Advances in Titicaca Basin Archaeology–1. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Klink, C. and Aldenderfer, M. 2005. A projectile point chronology for the south-central Andean highlands, pp. 25–54 in Stanish, C., Cohen, A. and Aldenderfer, M. (eds.), Advances in Titicaca Basin archaeology–1. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznar, L. 1990. Pastoralismo temprano en la sierra alta del Departamento de Moquegua, Perú. Chungara 24/25, 53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznar, L. 1993. Mutualism between Chenopodium, herd animals, and herders in the south central Andes. Mountain Research and Development 13, 257–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlie, B., Hastorf, C., Bruno, M., Bermann, M., Bonzani, R. and Castellón Condarco, W. 2011. Diversity in Andean chenopodium domestication: describing a new morphological type from La Barca, Bolivia, 1300–1250 BC. Journal of Ethnobiology 31, 72–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledru, M.-P., Jomelli, V., Bremond, L., Ortuño, T., Cruz, P., Bentaleb, I., Sylvestre, F., Kuentz, A., Beck, S. and Martin, C. 2013. Evidence of moist niches in the Bolivian Andes during the mid-Holocene arid period. The Holocene 23, 1547–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. and Bronk Ramsey, C. 2012. Development and application of the trapezoidal model for archaeological chronologies. Radiocarbon 54, 107–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehner, M. 2000. Fractal house of Pharaoh: Ancient Egypt as a complex adaptive system, a trial formulation, pp. 275–353 in Kohler, T. and Gumerman, G. (eds.), Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modelling of Social and Spatial Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lémuz Aguirre, C. 2001. Patrones de asentamiento arqueológico en la Península de Santiago de Huata, Bolivia. Unpublished Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
   Google Scholar
• Lémuz Aguirre, C. 2011. Patrones de asentamiento arqueológico en el área de influencia del sitio de Khonkho Wankane. Nuevos Aportes 5, 31–70.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, E. 2012a. The emergence of Tiwanaku: Domestic practices and regional traditions at Khonkho Wankane and Kk'araña. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, E. 2012b. A Bayesian re-assessment of the earliest radiocarbon dates from Tiwanaku, Bolivia. Radiocarbon 54, 203–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, J. 1992. Prehispanic Settlement and Agriculture in the Middle Tiwanaku Valley, Bolivia. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Mayle, F., Burbridge, R. and Killeen, T. 2000. Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests. Science 290, 2291–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAndrews, T. 1998. Early Village-Based Society and Long-Term Cultural Evolution in the South-Central Andean altiplano. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• McAndrews, T. 2005. Wankarani Settlement Systems in Evolutionary Perspective: A Study in Early Village-Based Society and Long-Term Cultural Evolution in the South-Central Andean Altiplano. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• McGlade, J. 1995. Archaeology and the ecodynamics of human-modified landscapes. Antiquity 69, 113–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méncias, J. 2012. Aplicación de la arqueología rupestre en el complejo arqueológico de Pumiri (Provincia Sajama del Departamento de Oruro, Bolivia). Unpublished Licenciatura thesis, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
   Google Scholar
• Mengoni Goñalons, G. and Yacobaccio, H. 2006. The domestication of south american camelids: a view from the south-central Andes, pp. 228–44 in Zeder, M., Bradley, D., Emshwiller, E. and Smith, B. (eds.), Documenting Domestication: New genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. Los Angeles: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr Chávez, K. 1966. An Analysis of the Pottery of Chiripa, Bolivia: A Problem in Archaeological Classification and Inference. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr Chávez, K. 1977. Marcavalle: The Ceramics from an Early Horizon site in the Valley of Cusco, Peru, and Implications for South Highland Socio-Economic Interaction. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, K. M., Steadman, D. and de France, S. 1999. Herds, fish, and fowl in the domestic and ritual economy of formative Chiripa, pp. 105–16 in Hastorf, C. (ed.), Early Settlement at Chiripa, Bolivia: Research of the Taraco Archaeological Project. Berkeley: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, M., Nielsen, A. and Villalba, R. 2013. First dendroarchaeological dates of prehistoric contexts in South America: Chullpas in the Central Andes. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 2393–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourguiart, P., Corrège, T., Wirrmann, D., Argollo, J., Montenegro, M. E., Pourchet, M. and Carbonel, P. 1998. Holocene palaeohydrology of Lake Titicaca estimated from an ostracod-based transfer function. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 143, 51–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogburn, D. 2012. Reconceiving the chronology of Inca imperial expansion. Radiocarbon 54, 219–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paduano, G., Bush, M., Baker, P., Fritz, S. and Seltzer, G. 2003. A vegetation and fire history of Lake Titicaca since the last glacial maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194, 259–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauketat, T. 2001. Practice and history in archaeology: an emerging paradigm. Anthropological Theory 1, 73–98.
   Google Scholar
• Plourde, A. 2006. Prestige Goods and their role in the Evolution of Social Ranking: A Costly Signaling Model with data from the Formative Period of the Northern Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Ponce Sanginés, C. 1970. Las culturas de Wankarani y Chiripa y su relación con Tiwanaku. La Paz: Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia.
   Google Scholar
• Ralph, E. 1959. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates III. American Journal of Science Radiocarbon Supplement 1, 45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Reimer, P., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J., Blackwell, P., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P., Guilderson, T., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T., Hoffman, D., Hogg, A., Hughen, K., Kaiser, K., Kromer, B., Manning, S., Niu, M., Reimer, R., Richards, A., Marian Scott, E., Southon, J., Staff, R., Turney, C. and van der Plicht, J. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rick, J. 1980. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Andes. New York: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Rigsby, C., Baker, P. and Aldenderfer, M. 2003. Fluvial history of the Rio Ilave valley, Peru, and its relationship to climate and human history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194, 165–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigsby, C., Bradbury, J., Baker, P., Rollins, S. and Warren, M. 2005. Late Quaternary palaeolakes, rivers, and wetlands on the Bolivian Altiplano and their palaeoclimatic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 20, 671–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindos, D. 1984. The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective. Orlando: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, M., Bourges, J., Cortes, J. and Mattos, R. 1992. Climotology and Hydrology of the Lake Titicaca Basin, pp. 63–88 in Dejoux, C. and Iltis, A. (eds.), Lake Titicaca: A Synthesis of Limnological Knowledge. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, H. and Dunbar, R. 2004. Hydrologic-energy balance constraints on the Holocene lake-level history of lake Titicaca, South America. Climate Dynamics 23, 439–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, H., Dunbar, R., Mucciarone, D., Seltzer, G., Baker, P. and Fritz, S. 2002. Insolation, moisture balance and climate change on the South American altiplano since the Last Glacial Maximum. Climatic Change 52, 175–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley-Conwy, P. 2001. Time, change and the archaeology of hunter-gatherers: how original is the ‘Original Affluent Society’?, ppp. 39–72 in Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R. and Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds.), Hunter–Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, R. 2004. The mechanisms of emergence. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34, 260–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer, G., Baker, P., Cross, S., Dunbar, R. and Fritz, S. 1998. High-resolution seismic reflection profiles from Lake Titicaca, Peru–Bolivia: evidence for Holocene aridity in the tropical Andes. Geology 26, 167–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. 2001. Low-level food production. Journal of Archaeological Research 9, 1–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanish, C. 2003. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Societies in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Stanish, C. and Bauer, B. (eds.) 2004. Archaeological Research on the Islands of the Sun and Moon, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia: Final results from the Proyecto Tiksi Kjarka. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Stanish, C., Chávez, J. C., Plourde, A. and LaFavre, K. 2014. The Northern Titicaca Basin Archaeological Research Program—Volume I. The Huancané-Putina Survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Stanish, C., de la Vega, E., Steadman, L., Chávez Justo, C., Frye, K., Onofre Mamani, L., Seddon, M. and Calisaya Chuquimia, P. 1997. Archaeological Survey in the Juli–Desaguadero Region of Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• Stanish, C., Burger, R., Cipolla, L., Glascock, M. and Quelima, E. 2002. Evidence for early long-distance obsidian exchange and watercraft use from the southern Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia and Peru. Latin American Antiquity 13, 444–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, L. 1995. Excavations at Camata: An early Ceramic Chronology for the Western Titicaca Basin, Peru. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Stuckenrath, R. 1967. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X. Radiocarbon 9, 333–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M., Pearson, G. and Braziunas, T. 1986. Radiocarbon age calibration of marine samples back to 9000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 28, 980–1021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. 1993. Extended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, 215–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapia, P., Fritz, S., Baker, P., Seltzer, G. and Dunbar, R. 2003. A Late Quaternary diatom record of tropical climatic history from Lake Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194, 139–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theissen, K., Dunbar, R., Rowe, H. and Mucciarone, D. 2008. Multidecadal- to century-scale arid episodes on the northern Altiplano during the middle Holocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257, 361–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripcevich, N. 2002. Viewshed Analysis of the Ilave River Valley. Unpublished data paper, University of California, Santa Barbara.
   Google Scholar
• van der Leeuw, S. and McGlade, J. (eds.). 1997. Time, Process, and Structured Transformation in Archaeology. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, G. and Wilson, S. 1978. Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon age determinations: a critique. Archaeometry 20, 19–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warwick, M. 2012. In the Shadow of the Peñon: A Zooarchaeological Study of Formative Diet, Economy, and Sociopolitics in the Río Pukara Valley, Peru. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
   Google Scholar
• Wendt, I., Schneekloth, H. and Budde, E. 1962. Hannover radiocarbon measurements I. Radiocarbon 4, 100–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, J., Pires-Ferreira, E. and Kaulicke, P. 1976. Preceramic animal utilization in the central Peruvian Andes. Science 194, 483–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, W. 2007. Exploring the Wild and Domestic: Paleoethnobotany at Chiripa, a Formative Site in Bolivia. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Whittle, A., Healy, F., Bayliss, A. and Allen, M. (eds.) 2011. Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxbow.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A. 2012. The use of summed radiocarbon probability distributions in archaeology: a review of methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 578–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J., Gosling, W., Coe, A., Brooks, S. and Gulliver, P. 2011. Four thousand years of environmental change and human activity in the Cochabamba Basin, Bolivia. Quaternary Research 76, 58–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirrmann, D. and Mourguiart, P. 1995. Late Quaternary spatio-temporal limnological variations in the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru. Quaternary Research 43, 344–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirrmann, D. and Oliveira Almeida, L. F. 1987. Low Holocene level (7700 to 3650 years ago) of Lake Titicaca (Bolivia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 59, 315–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, S., Shen, J. and Colman, S. 2007. Modeling the radiocarbon reservoir effect in lacustrine systems. Radiocarbon 49, 1241–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar