Repair of a complete anterior cruciate tear using prolotherapy: a case report

References

• Johnson RJ, Beynnon BD, Nichols CE, Renstrom PA. The treatment of injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74: 140–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffen L, Agel J, Albohm MJ et al. Noncontact ACL injuries: risk factors and prevention strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8: 141–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shuterback S. The incidence of ACL tears in men and women collegiate soccer players. Orthop Trans 1996; 20: 259.
   Google Scholar
• Engstrom B, Gornitzka J, Johansson C, Wredmarkl T. Knee function after anterior cruciate ligament ruptures treated conservatively. Int Orthop 1993; 17: 208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson DH, Maffulli N, King JB, Shelbourne KD. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cynical view from the British Isles on the indications for surgery. Arthroscopy 2003; 19: 203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore KL. Essential Clinical Anatomy, 3rd edn. New York: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Spindler KP, Wright RW. Anterior cruciate ligament tear. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2135–2142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Fleming BC, Nichols CE. Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries, Part I. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 1579–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett GS, Hemwall GA, Montgomery GA. Ligament and tendon relaxation treated by prolotherapy, 5th edn. Oak Park, CA: Gustav A. Hemwall, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Gedney E. The application of sclerotherapy in spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis. Osteopath Prof 1954; 66: 102–105.
   Google Scholar
• Linetsky FS, Frafael M, Saberski L. Pain management with regenerative injection therapy (RIT). In: Weiner RS. (ed) Pain Management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002; 381–402.
   Google Scholar
• Rabago D, Best T, Beamsly M, Patterson J. A systematic review of prolotherapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Clin J Sports Med 2005; 15: 376–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagenais S, Ogunseitan O, Haldeman S, Wooley JR, Newcomb RL. Side effects and adverse events related to intraligamentous injection of sclerosing solutions (prolotherapy) for back and neck pain: a survey of practitioners. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87: 909–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell NJ, Ryan MB, Taunton JE, Gillies JH, Wong AD. Sonographically guided intratendinous injection of hyperosmolar dextrose to treat chronic tendinosis of the Achilles tendon: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: W215–W220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpone M, Rabago D, Zgierska A, Arbogest J, Snell ED. The efficacy of prolotherapy for lateral epicondylosis: a pilot study. Clin J Sports Med 2008; 18: 248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topol GA, Reeves KD, Hassanein KM. Efficacy of dextrose prolotherapy in elite male kicking-sport athletes with groin pain. Arch Phys Rehabil 2005; 86: 697–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzara MA. The non-surgical repair of a complete Achilles tendon rupture by prolotherapy: biological reconstruction. A case report. J Orthop Med 2005; 27: 128–132.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves KD, Hassanein KM. Long-term effects of dextrose prolotherapy for anterior cruciate ligament therapy. Alternat Ther Health Med 2003; 9: 58–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelland MJ, Sweeting KR, Lyftogt JA, Ng SK, Scuffham PA. Prolotherapy injections and eccentric loading exercises for painful Achilles tendinosis: a randomised trial. Br J Sports Med 2009; doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.057968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen K, Rabago D, Best TM, Patterson JJ, Vanderby R. Early inflammatory response of knee ligaments to prolotherapy in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2008; 26: 816–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micromedex. Morrhuate sodium, Drugdex evaluation. Micromedex Healthcare Series 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Liu YK, Tipton CM, Matthes RD, Bedford TG, Maynard JA, Walmer HC. An in-situ study of the influence of a sclerosing solution in rabbit medial collateral ligaments and its junction strength. Connective Tissue Res 1983; 11: 95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aneja A, Spero G, Weinhold P et al. Suture plication, thermal shrinkage and sclerosing agents. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 1729–1734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks A. A rationale for prolotherapy. J Orthop Med 1991; 13: 54–59.
   Google Scholar
• Rabago D, Best TM, Zgierska A, Zeisig E, Ryan M, Crane D. A systematic review of four injection therapies for lateral epicondylosis: prolotherapy, polidocanol, whole blood and platelet rich plasma. Br J Sports Med 2009; doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.052761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford R, Walley G, Bridgman S, Maffulli N. Magnetic resonance imaging versus arthroscopy in the diagnosis of knee pathology, concentrating on meniscal lesions and ACL tears: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2007; 84: 5–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiss J. Comparison of bone contusion seen by MRI in partial and complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995; 19: 773–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrowski JA. Accuracy of 3 diagnostic tests for anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Athl Train 2006; 41: 120–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar