Notes
- Baker A., The Component Contribution (Ewbury Press, 1979), pp. 64–68.
- P. H. Smith and Setright L.J.K., Valve Mechanisms for High-Speed Engines (Foulis, 1971).
- Hardenberg H.O., The Middle Ages of the Internal-Combustion Engine (Soc. Auto Eng., 1999), pp. 441–44.
- Cummins C.L., Internal Fire (Soc. Auto Eng., 1989), pp. 106–12.
- Ibid., pp. 139–43.
- Ibid., pp. 162–84.
- Ibid., pp. 178–81.
- C. E. Lucke, Gas Engine Design (Van Norstrand, 1905), p. 176.
- ‘1200 Horse Power Gas Engine’, The Engineer, 24 May 1907, pp. 530–34.
- Walshaw T.D., Diesel Engine Design (Newnes, 1949), pp. 273–74.
- Hopkinson B., ’On Heat-Flow and Temperature-Distribution in the Gas Engine’, Proc. Inst. Civil Eng., clxxvi (1909), 211 and 227–29; E. G. Coker and W. A. Scoble, ‘The Temperatures in the Walls of a Gas Engine Cylinder’, Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. (1913), p. 270.
- Wimperis H.E., The Internal Combustion Engine (Constable, 1922), p. 97.
- ‘Gas Engines’, Mechanical World Year Book 1923 (Emmott, 1923), p. 84.
- ‘Diesel Engines’, Mechanical World Year Book 1923 (Emmott, 1923), p. 97.
- Cummins, p. 287.
- Hargreaves C.M., The Phillips Stirling Engine (Elsevier, 1991), p. 11.
- Turner T., The Metallurgy of Iron (Griffin, 1900), pp. 114–18.
- Roberts-Austen W.C., An Introduction to the Study of Metallurgy (Griffith, 1894), pp. 117–30.
- Low D.A., Heat Engines (Longmans and Green, 1920), pp. 485–88.
- Smith and Setwright, pp. 159–70.
- Heron S.D., History of the Aircraft Piston Engine (Ethyl Corporation, 1961), pp. viii and 27–28.
- Judge A.W., Automobile Engines (Chapman and Hall, 1931), p. 73.
- Rollason E.C., Metallurgy for Engineers (Arnold, 1973), pp. 164–83.
- Lacombe P., Baroux B., Beranger G., Stainless Steels (Les Editions de Physique Les Ulis, 1993).
- Imai Y., Saitô T., ‘Carbide Precipitation by Heating High-Manganese Steel after Solution Treatment’, Science Reports of the Research Institutes Tohoku University, 14 (1962), pp. 92–103.
- Giles W.S., ‘Fundamentals of Valve Design and Materials Selection’, SAE Paper 66071 (1966), pp. 1–20.
- Dowling W.E.Jr, Allison J.E., Swank L.R., Sherman A.M., ‘TiAl Based Alloys for Exhaust Valve Applications’, SAE Paper 930620 (1993), p. 32.
- Cowley W.E., Robinson F.J., Flack J., ‘Internal Combustion Engine Valves: A Study of Mechanical and Metallurgical Requirements’, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 178 (1964–65), Pt 2A, No. 5, pp. 147–49.
- Linke A., TRW Handbook 1992 (TRW Motorkomponenten GmbH and Co. KG, 1992), p. 13; ASM Committee on Engine Valves, ‘The Selection of Material for Engine Valves’, Metals Handbook, 8th edn, vol. 3 (ASM, 1961), pp. 626–34.
- Ricardo H.R., Memories and Machines (Constable, 1968), p. 68.
- Stone, pp. 125–30.
- White J.H., Practical Aviation-Including Construction and Operation (Wireless Press, 1918), p. 63.
- Banks F.R., I Kept No Diary, 2nd edn (Airlife, 1983), p. 73.
- Jenkins C.F., Report on Materials of Construction Used in Aircraft and Aircraft Engines (HMSO, 1920).
- Ricardo.
- Heron S.D., History of the Aircraft Piston Engine (Ethyl Corporation, 1961).
- Gibson A.H., Wright Baker H., ‘Exhaust Valve and Cylinder Head Temperatures in High Speed Petrol Engines’, Trans. I. Mech. E. (December 1923), pp. 1045–1119.
- Jenkins, pp. 32–8.
- Redrawn from G. Sachs and K. R. Van Horn, Practical Metallurgy (ASM, 1951), p. 475, fig. 321.
- Aitcheson L., ‘Valve Failures in Internal Combustion Engines’, Engineering, 108 (1919), pp. 799–802 and 834–36.
- Greaves R.H., Chromium Steels (HMSO, 1935), chs I, II and III.
- Aitcheson.
- Ibid.
- Leighton B.G., ‘Recent Developments in Aircraft Engines in the Navy’, J. Soc. Auto. Eng., xii (April 1923), pp. 325–34.
- Lacombe, ch. 12.
- Vicenti W.G., What Engineers Know and How They Know It (John Hopkins, 1990).
- Ricardo, pp. 126–28, 186–87 and 205–08.
- Swan A., Handbook of Aeronautics, ii (Pitman, 1938), pp. 367–86.
- Leighton.
- Miller R., Sawers D., The Technical Development of Modern Aviation (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968), pp. 86–97.
- Dyer D., TRW-Pioneering Technology and Innovation since 1900 (Harvard Business Press, 1998), pp. 11–64.
- Dyer, p. 40.
- Bissell R.E., Williams G.T., ‘Poppet Exhaust Valve Design’, J. Soc. Auto. Eng., xxv.2 (1929), pp. 142–47.
- R., Jardine R.S., ‘Designing Valves and Related Parts for Maximum Service’, J. Soc. Auto. Eng., 37·1 (1935), pp. 268–76.