High modulus steels: new requirement of automotive market. How to take up challenge?

References

• Sugiura N, Yoshinaga N, S. Hiwatashi, M. Takahashi, K. Hanya, N. Uno, R. Kanno, A. Miyasaka and T. Senuma: ‘High Young’s modulus steel plate, zinc hot dip galvanized steel sheet using the same, alloyed zinc hot dip galvanizad steel sheet, high young’s modulus steel pipe, and method for production’, EP 1806421A1, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Clyne TW: ‘Comprehensive composite materials’, Vol. 3; 2000, Oxford, Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Lesuer DR, Syn CK, Sherby OD, Wadsworth J, Lewandowski JJ and Hunt WH: ‘Mechanical behavior of laminated composites’, Int. Mater. Rev., 1996, 41, 169–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Z and Hutchinson JW: ‘Neck retardation and enhanced energy absorption in metal–elastomer bilayers’, Mech. Mater., 2007, 39, (5), 473–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummery PM, Derby B and Scruby CB: ‘Acoustic emission from particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites’, Acta Metall. Mater., 1993, 41, 1431–1445.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen P: ‘Tensile properties of particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites’, Composites A, 1996, 27A, (8), 655–665.
   Google Scholar
• Hadianfard MJ, Healy J and Mai YW: ‘Fracture characteristics of a particulate-reinforced metal matrix composite’, J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, (9), 2321–2327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy AM, Howard SJ and Clyne TW: ‘Characterisation of severity of particle clustering and its effect on fracture of particle MMCs’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1998, 14, 959–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan YW, Geng L and Li AB: ‘Experimental and numerical studies on the effect of particle size on the deformation behaviour of the metal matrix composites’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, A448, 315–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca J, Martin A, Ruiz J and Elices M: ‘Particulate fracture during deformation of a spray formed metal matrix composite’, Metall. Trans. A, 1993, 24A, (7), 1575–1588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca J and Poza P: ‘Influence of matrix strength on reinforcement fracture and ductility of Al–Al2O3 composites’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1994, A185, 25–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermarkar S: ‘Matériaux composites à matrice métallique’, Tech. Ingén., 1990, MB3, (M250), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Masounave J and Villar N: ‘Elaboration des composites à particules’, Tech. Ingén., 1996, ME, (M2448), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bouaziz O and Buessler P: ‘Mechanical behaviour of multiphase materials: an intermediate mixture law without fitting parameter’, Rev. Métall., 2002, 99, 71–77.
   Google Scholar
• Le Neindre B: ‘Constantes mécaniques: coefficients d’élasticité’, Tech. Ingén., 1991, K4, (K486a), 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Lide DR: ‘Handbook of chemistry and physics’, 81st edn; 2000–2001, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roucan JP and Noël-Dutriaux MC: ‘Propriétés physiques des composés minéraux’, Tech. Ingén., 1987, (K120).
   Google Scholar
• Tassot P: ‘Introduction sur les céramiques techniques modernes – Propriétés/Stabilité 1° partie’, Rev. Met., Jan. 1988, 81–89.
   Google Scholar
• Tassot P: ‘Introduction sur les céramiques techniques modernes – Propriétés/Stabilité 2° partie’, Revue Met., Feb. 1988, 165–173.
   Google Scholar
• Rist A, Ancey-Moret M.-F, Gatellier C and Riboud P.-V: ‘Equilibre thermodynamique dans l’élaboration de la fonte et de l’acier’, Tech. Ingén., 1974, 2, (M1730a), 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Pehlke RD and Elliott JF: ‘Solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron alloys. 1. Thermodynamics’, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 1960, 218, 1088–1101.
   Google Scholar
• Kashyap V and Parlee NAD: ‘Solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron and iron alloys’, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 1958, 212, 86–91.
   Google Scholar
• Schenck H, Frohberg MG and Graf H: ‘Untersuchungen über die Beeinflussung der Gleichgewichte von Stickstoff mit flüssigen Eisenlösungen durch den Zusatz weiterer Elemente (II)’, Arch. Eisen, 1959, 30, 533–537.
   Google Scholar
• Small WM and Pehlke RD: ‘The effect of alloying elements on the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron–chromium–nickel alloys’, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 1968, 242, 2501–2505.
   Google Scholar
• Internal reference, ArcelorMittal.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang MX, Hu QD, Huang B, Li JZ and Li JG: ‘Study of formation behavior of TiC in the Fe–Ti–C system during combustion synthesis’, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2011, 29, (3), 356–360.false
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• falseZhao X.-P and Xu Y.-H: ‘Microstructure and properties of TiC/Fe matrix composite synthesised by in-situ reaction’, Foundry Technol., 2009, 30, (6), 745–747.
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, Fu S.-J and Dingfalse Y.-C: ‘Microstructure and wear property of TiC particles reinforced iron matrix composite produced in-situ’, J. Sichuan Univ.: Eng Sci. Ed., 2008, 40, (5), 111–115.
   Google Scholar
• falseWang Y, Li F, Zeng G and Feng D: ‘Structure and wear-resistance of an Fe–VC surface composite produced in-situ’, Mater. Des., 1999, 20, (1), 19–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng F, Wang Y and Yang T: ‘Microstructure and wear properties of Fe–VC–Cr7C3 composite coating on surface of cast steel’, Mater. Charact., 2008, 59, (4), 488–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anal A, Bandyopadhyay TK and Das K: ‘Synthesis and characterization of TiB2-reinforced iron-based composites’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2006, 172, 70–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YF and Jiang QC: ‘Effect of TiB2/TiC ratio on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high volume fractions of TiB2/TiC reinforced Fe matrix composite’, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2013, 38, 137–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li BH, Liu Y, He L, Cao H, Gao SJ and Li J: ‘Fabrication of in situ TiB2 reinforced steel matrix composite by vacuum induction melting and its microstructure and tensile properties’, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2010, 23, (4), 211–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon DH, Edwards L, Moffatt JE and Fitzpatrick ME: ‘Fatigue and fracture of a 316 stainless steel metal matrix composite reinforced with 25% titanium diboride’, Int. J. Fatigue, 2013, 48, 39–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ‘C–Fe–Ti, C–Fe–V, C–Cr–Fe phases diagrams’, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA, 2006, http://www1.asminternational.org/AsmEnterprise/APD.
   Google Scholar
• Jellinghaus W: ‘Beiträge zum Dreistoffsystem Eisen-Titan-Kohlenstoff und zur Verbindung Fe2Ti’, Arch. Eisenhuettenwes., 1969, 40, 843–850.
   Google Scholar
• Huang W: ‘A thermodynamic evaluation of the Fe–V–C system’, Z. Metallkd, 1991, 82, 391–401
   Google Scholar
• Shurin AK and Panarin VE: ‘Phase Equilibria and structure of alloys Fe–TiB2, Fe–ZrB2 and Fe–HfB2’, Russ. Metall., 1974, 5, 192–195.
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski M, Spencer PJ, Granat K, Drzeniek H and Lugscheider E: ‘Phase relations in the C–Cr–Fe system in the vicinity of the /liquid+bcc+M23C6+M7C3/ invariant equilibrium – experimental determinations and thermodynamic modelling, Z. Metallkd, 1994, 85, 359–364.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher K: ‘Fundamental of solidification’, 4th edn, Chap. 5, ‘Solidification microstructure: eutectic and peritectic’; 1984, Aedermannsdorf, Trans Tech Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas LD: ‘Densité des principaux métaux et métalloïdes’, Tech. Ingén., 1984, MB2, (M65), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sachadel UA and Farrugia DC: ‘Steel product with improved E-modulus and method for producing said product’, International Patent WO 2013/050397 A1, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Takashi S and Kouji T: ‘High modulus iron-based alloy with a dispersed boride’, US Patent 5854434, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnet F, Bouaziz O and Chevallot JC: ‘Steel strip for the fabrication of lightweight structure and associated process’, European Patent 1897963A1, 2006.
   Google Scholar