Publication Cover
Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science
Volume 54, 2015 - Issue 4
1,495
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Reviews: Rare Earth's Symposium

A review of the recycling of rare earth metals

&

References

  • Roskill Information Services Ltd: ‘The economics of rare earths and yttrium’, 12 edn; 2004, London, UK, Roskill Information Services Ltd.
  • US Department of Energy: ‘Critical materials strategy summary’; 2011, Washington, US, Department of Energy.
  • European Commission: ‘Critical raw materials for the EU’, Report of the ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials; 2010, Luxembourg.
  • USGS: ‘Rare earth elements end use and recyclability’. Scientific Investigations Report, 2011-5094; 2011, Reston, Virginia.
  • D. J. Kingsnorth: ‘Rare earths: facing new challenges in the new decade’, Paper presented at: SME Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona; 2010.
  • T. Hirano: ‘Dehydration of ethylbenzene over potassium-promoted iron oxide containing cerium and molybdenum oxides’, Appi. Catal. 1986, 28, 119–132. doi: 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)82497-5
  • C. G. Anderson, C. D. Anderson and P. R. Taylor: ‘The extractive metallurgy of rare earths recycling’, Magnetics, Orlando, Florida; 2012.
  • T. Xu and H. Peng: ‘Formation cause, composition analysis and comprehensive utilization of rare earth solid wastes’, J. Rare Earths, 2009, 27, (6), 1096–1102. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0721(08)60394-4
  • K. Binnermans, P. T. Jones, B. Blanpain, T. V. Gerven, Y. Yang, A. Walton and M. Buchert: ‘Recycling of rare earths: a critical review’, J. Clean. Prod., 2013, 51, (3), 1–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.037
  • J. W. Lyman and G. R. Palmer: ‘Recycling of neodymium iron boron magnet scrap’, US Bureau of Mines, RI 9481; 1993.
  • Y. Chen: ‘Recovery of rare earth and cobalt in NdFeB Slag by full extraction process’, In: China Resources Comprehensive Utilization 6; 2004, Beijing.
  • X. Shen and Y. Hou: ‘Utilization of magnet scraps’, Jiangsu Chem. Ind., 2003, 31, (3), 45.
  • M. Niinae, K. Yamagushi, Y. Nakahiro and T. Wakamatso: ‘Hydrometallurgical treatment of rare earth magnet scrap’, In: XIX International Mineral Processing Congress, 1995, Vol. 2, 29–233, San Francisco.
  • I. Farrell: ‘Recycling rare earth elements using ionic liquids’, 2013. Available at: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld (accessed March 2013).
  • M. Ishii, M. Matsumiya and S. Kawakami: ‘Development of recycling process for rare earth magnets by electrodeposition using iconic liquids media’, ECS Trans., 2013, 50, (11), 549–560. doi: 10.1149/05011.0549ecst
  • T. W. Ellis, F. A. Schmidt and L. L. Jones: ‘Methods and opportunities in the recycling of rare earth based materials’. US DOE, Ames Laboratory IS-M796; 1994.
  • B. Westenhaus: ‘Recycling magnets to extract the rare earth metals’, 2015. Available at: http://oilprice.com/metals/commodities/recycling
  • J. Pearson: ‘Rare earth magnetic cycling method’. University of Birmingham, Available at: http://gtp.autm.net/technology/view/15658; 2013.
  • M. Zakotnik, I. R. Harris and A. J. Williams: ‘Multiple recycling of NdFeB-type sintered magnets’, J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 469, 314–321. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.01.114
  • Honda: ‘World's first commercialization of rare earth elements recycling’. Available at: http://www.honda.co.jp/environment/face/2012/case17; 2012.
  • Mitsubishi Electric: ‘Environment - how are rare earth magnets being recycled?’, 2015. Available at: http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/company/
  • J. Clenfield, M. Yasu and S. Biggs: ‘Hitachi leads rare earth recycling efforts as china cuts access to supply’, 2015. Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-08/Hitachi
  • Dowa: ‘Kosawa holdings’, 2015. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/business/global
  • Recycling Today Staff: ‘French firm targets rare earth metals for recycling’, 2015. Available at: http://www.recyclingtoday.com/
  • Umicore Battery Recycling, 2015. Available at: http://www.batteryrecycling.umicore.com
  • P. Zhang, T. Yokoyama, O. Itabashi, Y. Wakui, T. M. Suzuki and K. Inoue: ‘Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spend nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries’, Hydro-metallurgy, 1998, 50, 61–75.
  • C. Tunsu, T. Retegan and C. Ekberg: ‘Sustainable processes development for recycling of fluorescent phosphorous powders - rare earths and mercury - a literature report’, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; 2011.
  • S. Otsuka and Y. Okabayashi: ‘Method for reclaiming rare earth fluorescent substances’, U.S. Patent, 3,506,585, April 14; 1970.
  • R. Otto and A. Wojtalewicz-Kasprzak: ‘Method for recovery of rare earths from fluorescent lamps’, U.S. Patent, 7,976,798 B2, July 12; 2011.
  • E. R. Weltevreden, C. Klauber and C. Vernon: ‘The modern rare earth mine; on the possibilities of recycling CRT's’, Presented at: Rare Earths, COM 2012, Niagara, Ontario, Canada; 2012.
  • P. Henry, S. Lamotte and J. M. Bier: ‘Recycling of rare earth materials at Hydrometal (Belgium)’, Rare Earths, COM 2013, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
  • E. Gusset: ‘Recovery and separation of gadolinium and gallium’, U.S. Patent, 4,198,231, April 15; 1980.
  • Laarmann Group: ‘Urban mining for rare earth elements with laarman’. Available at: http://www.laarmann.info/urban-mining.htm/, 2013.
  • L. V. Resende and C. A. Morais: ‘Recovery of europium and yttrium from electronic scrap’, Paper presented: at Rare Earths, COM 2012, Niagara, Ontario, Canada; 2012.
  • K. Grabas, D. Hreniak, M. Miller, A. Ostrowski, A. Pawelczyk, W. Strek and E. Zych: ‘Recovery and characterization of lanthanides from electronic waste recycling’, Paper presented at: Rare Earths, COM 2012, Niagara, Ontario, Canada; 2012.
  • United Nations (UNEP): ‘Recycling rates ofmetals’, a status report; 2011, Paris.
  • Ganzhou Recycle Hi-tech Co. Ltd. Available at: http://www.jxgda.com/En
  • U.S. EPA: ‘Rare earth elements: a review of production, processing, recycling and associated environmental issues’. EPA 600/R-12/572, December 2012/www
  • D. Schüler, M. Buchert, R. Liu, S. Dietrich and C. Merz: ‘Study on rare earths and their recycling’, OKO-Institute V., Darmstadt, January; 2011.
  • C. Hagelüken: ‘Metal recycling: make technology, service and business odel design match/match design’, Presented at: Umicore, VTT Seminar from Sustainable Mining to Eco Design, Helsinki; 2012.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.