Effects of raltegravir combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine on body shape, bone density, and lipids in African-Americans initiating HIV therapy

References

• Srinivasa S, Grinspoon SK. Metabolic and body composition effects of newer antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(5):R185–R202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker Harris V, Brown TT. Bone loss in the HIV-infected patient: evidence, clinical implications, and treatment strategies. J Infect Dis. 2012;20(Suppl 3):S391–S398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan S, Schouten JT, Atkinson B, Brown T, Wohl D, McComsey GA, et al. Metabolic syndrome before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(3):381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox JL, Dejesus E, Berger DS, Lazzarin A, Pollard RB, Ramalho Madruga JV, et al. Raltegravir versus efavirenz regimens in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy, durability, subgroup, safety, and metabolic analyses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(1):39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, Chetchotisakd P, Corral J, David N, et al. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;53(3):323–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer E, del Rio L, Martinez E, Curto J, Domingo P, Ribera E, et al. Impact of switching from lopinavir/ritonavir to atazanavir/ritonavir on body fat redistribution in virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses. 2011;27:1061–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podzamczer D, Andrade-Villanueva J, Clotet B, Taylor S, Rockstroh JK, Reiss P, et al. Lipid profiles for nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir, both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine over 48 weeks, in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients (the ARTEN study). HIV Med. 2011;12:374–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arathoon E, Schneider S, Baraldi E, Lim PL, Opravil M, Van De Casteele T, et al. Effects of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir on metabolic parameters in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 96: ARTEMIS. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24:12–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aberg JA, Tebas P, Overton ET, Gupta SK, Sax PE, Landay A, et al. Metabolic effects of darunavir/ritonavir versus atazanavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV type 1-infected subjects over 48 weeks. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses. 2012;28:1184–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE, DeJesus E, Mills A, Zolopa A, Cohen C, Wohl D, et al. Co-formulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus co-formulated efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, analysis of results after 48 weeks. Lancet. 2012;379:2439–2448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, DeJesus E, Henry K, Molina JM, Gathe J, Ramanathan S, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of coformulated elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF vs ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus coformulated emtricitabine and tenofovir DF for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: analysis of week 96 results. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62:483–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlandson KKD, Tierney C, Sax P, Daar E, Tebas P, Melbourne K, et al. Change in lean body mass and association with bone mineral density change in subjects randomized to abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with atazanavir/ritonavir or efavirenz: ACTG A5224s. 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Atlanta, March 3–6. [Abstract 825], 825. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Molina JM, Cahn P, Grinsztejn B, Lazzarin A, Mills A, Saag M, et al. Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with tenofovir and emtricitabine in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (ECHO): a phase 3 randomised double-blind active-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen CJ, Andrade-Villanueva J, Clotet B, Fourie J, Johnson MA, Ruxrungtham K, et al. Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with two background nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (THRIVE): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority. Lancet. 2011;378:229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/Adultand Adolescent GL.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2014..
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report, 2012.Vol. 24.http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/surveillance/. Published November 2014.Accessed November 2, 2014..
   Google Scholar
• Foulkes AS, Wohl DA, Frank I, Puleo E, Restine S, Wolfe ML, et al. Associations among race/ethnicity, ApoC-III genotypes, and lipids in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Med. 2006;3(3):e52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar PN, Rodriguez-French A, Thompson MA, Tashima KT, Averitt D, Wannamaker PG, et al. A prospective, 96-week study of the impact of trizivir, combivir/nelfinavir, and lamivudine/stavudine/nelfinavir on lipids, metabolic parameters and efficacy in antiretroviral-naive patients: effect of sex and ethnicity. HIV Med. 2006;7(2):85–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibert CL, Shlay JC, Sharma S, Bartsch G, Peng G, Grunfeld C, et al. Racial differences in changes of metabolic parameters and body composition in antiretroviral therapy-naive persons initiating antiretroviral therapy. J Aquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50(1):44–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholaou MJ, Martinson JJ, Abraham AG, Brown TT, Hussain SK, Wolinsky SM, et al. HAART-associated dyslipidemia varies by biogeographical ancestry in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(6):871–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TT, McComsey GA, King MS, Qaqish RB, Bernstein BM, da Silva BA. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(5):554–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andany N, Raboud JM, Walmsley S, Diong C, Rourke SB, Rueda S, et al. Ethnicity and gender differences in lipodystrophy of HIV-positive individuals taking antiretroviral therapy in Ontario, Canada. HIV Clin Trials. 2011;12(2):89–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribaudo HJ, Liu H, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E, Eichelbaum M, Motsinger-Reif AA, et al. Effect of CYP2B6, ABCB1, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on efavirenz pharmacokinetics and treatment response: an AIDS Clinical Trials Group study. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(5):717–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas DW, Gebretsadik T, Mayo G, Menon UN, Acosta EP, Shintani A, et al. Associations between CYP2B6 polymorphisms and pharmacokinetics after a single dose of nevirapine or efavirenz in African americans. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(6):872–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran A, Martinez E, Saumoy M, del Rio L, Crespo M, Larrousse M, et al. Body composition changes after switching from protease inhibitors to raltegravir: SPIRAL-LIP substudy. AIDS. 2012;26(4):475–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl DA, Dumond JB, Blevins S, Pittard D, Ragan D, Wang R, et al. Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(2):784–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox JL, Landovitz RJ, Ribaudo HJ, Ofotokun I, Na LH, Godfrey C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of 3 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-sparing antiretroviral regimens for treatment-naive volunteers infected with HIV-1: a randomized, controlled equivalence trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(7):461–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T, Moser C, Currier J, Ribaudo H, Rothenberg J, Dube MP, et al. Bone density changes after antiretroviral initiation with protease inhibitors or raltegravir. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, March 3-6, Boston. [CROI 2014, Abstract 779LB], 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gallant JE, Koenig E, Andrade-Villanueva J, Chetchotisakd P, DeJesus E, Antunes F, et al. Cobicistat versus ritonavir as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naive HIV type 1-infected patients: week 48 results. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(1):32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffi F, Rachlis A, Brinson C, Arasteh K, Górgolas M, Brennan C, et al. Dolutegravir efficacy at 48 weeks in key subgroups of treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals in three randomized trials. AIDS. 2015;29(2):167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate T, Willig AL, Willig JH, Raper JL, Moneyham L, Kempf MC, et al. HIV infection and obesity: where did all the wasting go? Antivir Ther. 2012;17(7):1281–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar