References
- Kang CI, Chung DR, Son JS, Ko KS, Peck KR, Song JH. Clinical significance of nosocomial acquisition in urinary tract-related bacteremia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39:135–40.
- Marschall J, Zhang L, Foxman B, Warren DK, Henderson JP. Both host and pathogen factors predispose to Escherichia coli urinary-source bacteremia in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1692–8.
- Saint S, Kaufman SR, Rogers MA, Baker PD, Boyko EJ, Lipsky BA. Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract-related bacteremia: a case-control study. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:401–7.
- Lane DR, Takhar SS. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011;29:539–52.
- Briongos-Figuero LS, Gomez-Traveso T, Bachiller-Luque P, Dominguez-Gil Gonzalez M, Gomez-Nieto A, Palacios-Martin T, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors and comorbidity for urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66:891–6.
- Park SY, Kang CI, Joo EJ, Ha YE, Wi YM, Chung DR, et al. Risk factors for multidrug resistance in nosocomial bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist. 2012;18:518–24.
- Morata L, Cobos-Trigueros N, Martinez JA, Soriano A, Almela M, Marco F, et al. Influence of multidrug resistance and appropriate empirical therapy on the 30-day mortality rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:4833–7.
- Retamar P, Portillo MM, Lopez-Prieto MD, Rodriguez-Lopez F, de Cueto M, Garcia MV, et al. Impact of inadequate empirical therapy on the mortality of patients with bloodstream infections: a propensity score-based analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:472–8.
- Peralta G, Sanchez MB, Garrido JC, De Benito I, Cano ME, Martinez-Martinez L, et al. Impact of antibiotic resistance and of adequate empirical antibiotic treatment in the prognosis of patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:855–63.
- Joo EJ, Kang CI, Ha YE, Park SY, Kang SJ, Wi YM, et al. Impact of inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy on outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a stratified analysis according to sites of infection. Infection. 2011;39:309–18.
- Cheong HS, Kang CI, Wi YM, Ko KS, Chung DR, Lee NY, et al. Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy as a risk factor for mortality in patients with community-onset Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:1219–25.
- Kang CI, Kim SH, Kim HB, Park SW, Choe YJ, Oh MD, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:745–51.
- CLSI. M07-A9. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard: ninth edition. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012.
- CLSI. M100-S23. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 23rd informational supplement. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2013.
- EUCAST (2013). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 3.0, January 2013. Available from: http://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints/ (accessed 2013 Jan 2).
- Drekonja DM, Johnson JR. Urinary tract infections. Prim Care. 2008;35:345–67.
- Kollef MH. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infections: getting it right up front. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(Suppl 1):S3–13.
- Melzer M, Petersen I. Mortality following bacteraemic infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli compared to non-ESBL producing E. coli. J Infect. 2007;55:254–9.
- Michalopoulos A, Falagas ME, Karatza DC, Alexandropoulou P, Papadakis E, Gregorakos L, et al. Epidemiologic, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for adverse outcome in multiresistant gram-negative primary bacteremia of critically ill patients. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39:396–400.
- Yang YS, Ku CH, Lin JC, Shang ST, Chiu CH, Yeh KM, et al. Impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae on the outcome of community-onset bacteremic urinary tract infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2010;43:194–9.
- Wagenlehner FM, Cek M, Naber KG, Kiyota H, Bjerklund-Johansen TE. Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections. World J Urol. 2012;30:59–67.