Temporomandibular disorders. Part 1: anatomy and examination/diagnosis

References

• McNeill C. History and evolution of TMD concepts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;83:51–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths RH. Report of the president’s conference on the examination, diagnosis, and management of temporomandibular disorders. J Am Dent Assoc. 1983;106:75–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel D, Aufdemkampe G, Matthijs O, Meijer OG, Phelps V. Temporomandibular joint. Diagnosis and treatment of the spine: nonoperative orthopaedic medicine and manual therapy. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers; 1996. p. 715–68.
   Google Scholar
• Widmer CG. Evaluation of temporomandibular disorders. In: Krause SL, editor. TMJ disorders, management of the craniomandibular complex. New York, NY, USA: Churchill Livingstone; 1988. p. 79–112.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn FM, Evjenth O, Baldauf Kaltenborn T, Morgan D, Vollowitz E. Manual mobilization of the joints: volume 2, the spine, 4th edn. Oslo; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus SL. Temporomandibular disorders. In: Saunders HD, Ryan RS, editors. Evaluation, treatment and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, volume 1 spine, 4th edn. Chaska: The Saunders Group; 2004. p. 173–210.
   Google Scholar
• Hengeveld E, Banks K. The temporomandibular joints, larynx and hyoid (the craniomandibular complex). Maitland’s peripheral manipulation, 4th edn. New York, NY, USA: Elsevier; 2005. p. 577–97.
   Google Scholar
• Petty NJ. Examination of the temporomandibular region. In: Petty NJ, editor. Neuromusculoskeletal examination and assessment, 3rd edn. New York, NY, USA: Elsevier; 2006. p. 125–41.
   Google Scholar
• Dolwick MF, Riggs RR. Diagnosis and treatment of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. Dent Clin North Am. 1983;27:561–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimitroulis G, Dolwick MF, Gremillion HA. Temporomandibular disorders. 1. Clinical evaluation. Aust Dent J. 1995;40:301–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boever JA, Nilner M, Orthlieb JD, Steenks MH; Educational Committee of the European Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders. Recommendations by the EACD for examination, diagnosis, and management of patients with temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain by the general dental practitioner. J Orofac Pain. 2008;22:268–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright EF, North SL. Management and treatment of temporomandibular disorders: a clinical perspective. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17:247–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dym H, Israel H. Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Dent Clin North Am. 2012;56:149–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray RJ, Al-Ani MZ. Temporomandibular disorders: a problem-based approach. Ames, IA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Alomar X, Medrano J, Cabratosa J, Clavero JA, Lorente M, Serra I, . Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2007;28:170–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yale SH, Allison BD, Hauptfuehrer JD. An epidemiological assessment of mandibular condyle morphology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;21:169–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlo CA, Stolzmann P, Habernig S, Müller L, Saurenmann T, Kellenberger CJ. Size, shape and age-related changes of the mandibular condyle during childhood. Eur Radiol. 2010;20:2512–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneyama K, Segami N, Hatta T. Congenital deformities and developmental abnormalities of the mandibular condyle in the temporomandibular joint. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2008;48:118–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuroda S, Tanimoto K, Izawa T, Fujihara S, Koolstra JH, Tanaka E. Biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of the mandibular condylar cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17:1408–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flygare L, Rohlin M, Akerman S. Microscopy and tomography of erosive changes in the temporomandibular joint. An autopsy study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1995;53:297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordahl S, Alstergren P, Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Eliasson S, Kopp S. Pain, tenderness, mandibular mobility, and anterior open bite in relation to radiographic erosions in temporomandibular joint disease. Acta Odontol Scand. 1997;55:18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasaki MM, Westesson PL. Temporomandibular joint: diagnostic accuracy with sagittal and coronal MR imaging. Radiology. 1993;186:723–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SL, Westesson PL. Temporomandibular joint: value of coronal MR images. Radiology. 1993;188:317–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chossegros C, Cheynet F, Guyot L, Bellot-Samson V, Blanc JL. Posterior disk displacement of the TMJ: MRI evidence in two cases. Cranio. 2001;19:289–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondoh T, Westesson PL, Takahashi T, Seto K. Prevalence of morphological changes in the surfaces of the temporomandibular joint disc associated with internal derangement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56:339–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravetti P, Membre H, El Haddioui A, Gérard H, Fyard JP, Mahler P, . Histological study of the human temporo-mandibular joint and its surrounding muscles. Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26:371–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus SL. Physical therapy management of TMJ dysfunction. In: Kraus SL, editors. TMJ disorders: management of the craniomandibular complex. New York, NY, USA: Churchill Livingstone; 1988. p. 139–74.
   Google Scholar
• Dolwick MF, Lipton JS, Warner MR, Williams VF. Sagittal anatomy of the human temporomandibular joint spaces: normal and abnormal findings. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1983;41:86–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boering G. Anatomical and physiological considerations regarding the temporomandibular joint. Int Dent J. 1979;29:245–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koolstra JH. Dynamics of the human masticatory system. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13:366–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lund JP, Widmer CG. An evaluation of the use of surface electromyography in the diagnosis, documentation, and treatment of dental patients. J Craniomandib Disord. 1988;3:125–37.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson CR, Okeson JP, Falace DA, Nitz AJ, Curran SL, Anderson D. Comparison of psychologic and physiologic functioning between patients with masticatory muscle pain and matched controls. J Orofac Pain. 1993;7:15–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klasser GD, Okeson JP. The clinical usefulness of surface electromyography in the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137:763–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley J. Breathing and temporomandibular joint disease. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011;15:291–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith RJ. Functions of condylar translation in human mandibular movement. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:191–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rayne J. Functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;25:92–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo LM, Airoldi GB, Airoldi RL, Palla S. Description of mandibular finite helical axis pathways in asymptomatic subjects. J Dent Res. 1997;76:704–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helland MM. Anatomy and function of the temporomandibular joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1980;1:145–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rocabado M. Arthrokinematics of the temporomandibular joint. Dent Clin North Am. 1983;27:573–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merlini L, Palla S. The relationship between condylar rotation and anterior translation in healthy and clicking temporomandibular joints. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 1988;98:1191–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindauer SJ, Sabol G, Isaacson RJ, Davidovitch M. Condylar movement and mandibular rotation during jaw opening. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:573–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman MH, Weisberg J. Joint play movements of the temporomandibular joint: clinical considerations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65:413–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez del Palomar A, Doblaré M. Finite element analysis of the temporomandibular joint during lateral excursions of the mandible. J Biomech. 2006;39:2153–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck CC, Murray GM, Johnson CW, Klineberg IJ. Trajectories of condylar points during nonworking side and protrusive movements of the mandible. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82:322–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson GE. Epidemiological studies of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint-pain-dysfunction. A literature review. Aust Prosthodont Soc Bull. 1984;14:7–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlsson GE. Epidemiology and treatment need for temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1999;13:232–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List T, Wahlund K, Wenneberg B, Dworkin SF. TMD in children and adolescents: prevalence of pain, gender differences, and perceived treatment need. J Orofac Pain. 1999;13:9–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson T, Egermark I, Carlsson GE. A longitudinal epidemiologic study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders from 15 to 35 years of age. J Orofac Pain. 2000;14:310–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egermark I, Carlsson GE, Magnusson T. A 20-year longitudinal study of subjective symptoms of temporomandibular disorders from childhood to adulthood. Acta Odontol Scand. 2001;59:40–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plesh O, Adams SH, Gansky SA. Racial/Ethnic and gender prevalences in reported common pains in a national sample. J Orofac Pain. 2011;25:25–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manfredini D, Guarda-Nardini L, Winocur E, Piccotti F, Ahlberg J, Lobbezoo F. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of axis I epidemiologic findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112:453–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Jundi MA, John MT, Setz JM, Szentpétery A, Kuss O. Meta-analysis of treatment need for temporomandibular disorders in adult nonpatients. J Orofac Pain. 2008;22:97–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Bucci MB, Nardini LG. The diagnostic process for temporomandibular disorders. Stomatologija. 2007;9:35–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord. 1992;6:301–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiffman EL, Ohrbach R, Truelove EL, Tai F, Anderson GC, Pan W, . The research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. V: methods used to establish and validate revised axis I diagnostic algorithms. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24:63–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison RN, Fanciullo GJ, Baird JC. Usefulness of pain drawings in identifying real or imagined pain: accuracy of pain professionals, nonprofessionals, and a decision model. J Pain. 2004;5(9)Headache and Craniofacial Pain:476–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland G, Hengeveld E, Banks K, English K. Maitland’s vertebral manipulation, 7th edn. New York, NY, USA: Elsevier; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S. The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure? Pain Pract. 2003;3:310–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wewers ME, Lowe NK. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health. 1990;13:227–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodick D. Headache as a symptom of ominous disease. What are the warning signals? Postgrad Med. 1997;101:46–50, 55–6, 62–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sizer PS Jr, Brismée JM, Cook C. Medical screening for red flags in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal spine pain. Pain Pract. 2007;7:53–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Travers KH, Buschang PH, Hayasaki H, Throckmorton GS. Associations between incisor and mandibular condylar movements during maximum mouth opening in humans. Arch Oral Biol. 2000;45:267–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agerberg G. Maximal mandibular movements in children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1974;32:147–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agerberg G. Maximal mandibular movements in teen-agers. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1974;12:79–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agerberg G. Maximal mandibular movements in young men and women. Sven Tandlak Tidskr. 1974;67:81–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwab RA, Genners K, Robinson WA. Clinical predictors of mandibular fractures. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:304–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso LL, Purcell TB. Accuracy of the tongue blade test in patients with suspected mandibular fracture. J Emerg Med. 1995;13:297–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malhotra R, Dunning J. The utility of the tongue blade test for the diagnosis of mandibular fracture. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:552–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobbezoo-Scholte AM, de Wijer A, Steenks MH, Bosman F. Interexaminer reliability of six orthopaedic tests in diagnostic subgroups of craniomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 1994;21:273–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wijer A, Lobbezoo-Scholte AM, Steenks MH, Bosman F. Reliability of clinical findings in temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9:181–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonjardim LR, Gavião MB, Pereira LJ, Castelo PM. Bite force determination in adolescents with and without temporomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32:577–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogawa EM, Calderon PS, Lauris JR, Araujo CR, Conti PC. Evaluation of maximal bite force in temporomandibular disorders patients. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33:559–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira-Cenci T, Pereira LJ, Cenci MS, Bonachela WC, Del Bel Cury AA. Maximal bite force and its association with temporomandibular disorders. Braz Dent J. 2007;18:65–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courtney CA, Kavchak AE, Lowry CD, O'Hearn MA. Interpreting joint pain: quantitative sensory testing in musculoskeletal management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:818–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar