Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: Current concepts and future trends

References

• Salcido R, Popescu A, Potter A, Talavera F, Kolaski K, Allen K, et al. Pressure ulcers and wound care. [Accessed 2012 February 14] Medscape Available from: http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/31984-overview.
   Google Scholar
• Dorner B, Posthauer ME, Thomas D. The role of nutrition in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel white paper. Adv Skin Wound Care 2009;22(5):212–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo CA, Steiner C, Spector W. Hospitalizations related to pressure ulcers among adults 18 years and older, 2006: statistical brief #64. Healthcare Cost Utilization Project December 2008. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Fuhrer MJ, Garber SL, Rintala DH, Clearman R, Hart KA. Pressure ulcers in community-resident persons with spinal cord injury: prevalence and risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74(11):1172–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan MA, Teasell RW, Wolfe DL, Keast D, Mortenson WB, Aubut JA. A systematic review of therapeutic interventions for pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90(2):213–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine JM. Preparing for the new Medicare reimbursement guidelines: Part I–when are pressure ulcers in the hospital avoidable? Clin Geriatr 2008;16(6):19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal MB. Nonpayment for performance? Medicare's new reimbursement rule. N Engl J Med 2007;357(16):1573–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black JM, Edsberg LE, Baharestani MM, Langemo D, Goldberg M, McNichol L, et al. Pressure ulcers: avoidable or unavoidable? Results of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Consensus Conference. Ostomy Wound Manage 2011;57(2):24–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis JE, Kenkel JM. Pressure sores. Sel Read Plast Surg 2003;9(39):1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Landis E. Microinjection studies of the capillary blood pressure in human skin. Heart 1930;15:209.
   Google Scholar
• Landis EM, Gibbon JH. The effects of temperature and of tissue pressure on the movement of fluid through the human capillary wall. J Clin Invest 1933;12(1):105–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groth K. Clinical observations and experimental studies of the pathogenesis of decubitus ulcers. Acta Clin Scand 1942;87 (suppl 76):207.
   Google Scholar
• Kosiak M. Etiology of decubitus ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1961;42:19–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosiak M. Prevention and rehabilitation of pressure ulcers. Decubitus 1991;4(2):60–2 4, 6 passim.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosiak M, Kubicek WG, Olson M, Danz JN, Kottke FJ. Evaluation of pressure as a factor in the production of ischial ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1958;39(10):623–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husain T. An experimental study of some pressure effects on tissues, with reference to the bed-sore problem. J Pathol Bacteriol 1953;66(2):347–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keane FX. The function of the rump in relation to sitting and the Keane Reciprocating Wheelchair Seat. Paraplegia 1979;16(4):390–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keane FX. The minimum physiological mobility requirement for man supported on a soft surface. Paraplegia 1979;16(4):383–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinsdale SM. Decubitus ulcers in swine: light and electron microscopy study of pathogenesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1973;54(2):51–6. Passim.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinsdale SM. Decubitus ulcers: role of pressure and friction in causation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974;55(4):147–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel RK, Faibisoff B. Muscle coverage of pressure points – the role of myocutaneous flaps. Ann Plast Surg 1982;8(6):446–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel RK, Hall EJ, MacLeod MK. Pressure sores-a reappraisal. Ann Plast Surg 1979;3(1):53–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allman RM. Pressure ulcers among the elderly. N Engl J Med 1989;320(13):850–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber SL, Rintala DH, Hart KA, Fuhrer MJ. Pressure ulcer risk in spinal cord injury: predictors of ulcer status over 3 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81(4):465–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber SL, Rintala DH, Rossi CD, Hart KA, Fuhrer MJ. Reported pressure ulcer prevention and management techniques by persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(8):744–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer J, Phillips LG. MOC-PSSM CME article: pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121 (1 Suppl):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuler JB, Cooney TG. The pressure sore: pathophysiology and principles of management. Ann Intern Med 1981;94(5):661–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhsous M, Priebe M, Bankard J, Rowles D, Zeigler M, Chen D, et al. Measuring tissue perfusion during pressure relief maneuvers: insights into preventing pressure ulcers. J Spinal Cord Med 2007;30(5):497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressure ulcer prevalence, cost and risk assessment: consensus development conference statement–The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Decubitus 1989;2(2):24–8
   Google Scholar
• Black J, Baharestani MM, Cuddigan J, Dorner B, Edsberg L, Langemo D, et al. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel's updated pressure ulcer staging system. Adv Skin Wound Care 2007;20(5):269–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Y, Yin J, Cai X, Temkin-Greener J, Mukamel DB. Association of race and sites of care with pressure ulcers in high-risk nursing home residents. Jama 2011;306(2):179–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders LL, Krause JS, Peters BA, Reed KS. The relationship of pressure ulcers, race, and socioeconomic conditions after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2010;33(4):387–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature 2008;453(7193):314–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq R. Epidemiological and resistance issues in multidrug-resistant staphylococci and enterococci. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15(3):224–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomerie JZ. Infections in patients with spinal cord injuries. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25(6):1285–90. quiz 91–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton SC, Shekelle PG, Adams JL, Bennett C, Dobkin BH, Montgomerie J, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord dysfunction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83(1):129–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis VL, Bailey MH, Pulawski G, Kind G, Bashioum RW, Hendrix RW. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis in patients with pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;81:229–32.
   Google Scholar
• Marriott R, Rubayi S. Successful truncated osteomyelitis treatment for chronic osteomyelitis secondary to pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury patients. Ann Plast Surg 2008;61(4):425–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavalukas SL, Barbul A. Nutrition and wound healing: an update. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(Suppl 1):38S–43S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakamura K, Moriyama Y, Kariyazono H, Hamada N, Toyohira H, Taira A, et al. Influence of preoperative nutritional state on inflammatory response after surgery. Nutrition 1999;15(11–12):834–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchanque-Fossuo CN, Kuzon WM Jr. An evidence-based approach to pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(2):932–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scivoletto G, Fuoco U, Morganti B, Cosentino E, Molinari M. Pressure sores and blood and serum dysmetabolism in spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord 2004;42(8):473–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant R. Acute and chronic wounds: nursing management. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Dumville JC, Cullum N. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(4):pCD001735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allman RM, Walker JM, Hart MK, Laprade CA, Noel LB, Smith CR. Air-fluidized beds or conventional therapy for pressure sores: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1987;107(5):641–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrell BA, Keeler E, Siu AL, Ahn SH, Osterweil D. Cost-effectiveness of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50(3):M141–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrell BA, Osterweil D, Christenson P. A randomized trial of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers. JAMA 1993;269(4):494–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inman KJ, Sibbald WJ, Rutledge FS, Clark BJ. Clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of an air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers. JAMA 1993;269(9):1139–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heggers JP, Sazy JA, Stenberg BD, Strock LL, McCauley RL, Herndon DN, et al. Bactericidal and wound-healing properties of sodium hypochlorite solutions: the 1991 Lindberg Award. J Burn Care Rehabil 1991;12(5):420–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee JJ, Marvin JA, Heimbach DM, Grube BJ. Use of 5% sulfamylon (mafenide) solution after excision and grafting of burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1988;9(6):602–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 1997;38(6):563–76. discussion 77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ, Marks MW, DeFranzo AJ, Molnar JA, David LR. Vacuum-assisted closure: state of clinic art. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117(7 Suppl):127S–42S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg 1997;38(6):553–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford CN, Reinhard ER, Yeh D, Syrek D, De, Las Morenas A, Bergman SB, et al. Interim analysis of a prospective, randomized trial of vacuum-assisted closure versus the healthpoint system in the management of pressure ulcers. Ann Plast Surg 2002;49(1):55–61. discussion 61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Baharestani M, Baranoski S, de Leon J, Engel SJ, Mendez-Eastman S, et al. Guidelines for managing pressure ulcers with negative pressure wound therapy. Adv Skin Wound Care 2004;17(Suppl 2):1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans D, Land L. Topical negative pressure for treating chronic wounds: a systematic review. Br J Plast Surg 2001;54(3):238–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Citak M, Backhaus M, Meindl R, Muhr G, Fehmer T. Rare complication after VAC-therapy in the treatment of deep sore ulcers in a paraplegic patient. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2010;130(12):1511–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin U, Ozgenel Y. A simple solution for preventing air leakage in VAC therapy for sacral pressure sores. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61(10):1267–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgill DP, Bayer LR. Update on negative-pressure wound therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(Suppl 1):105S–15S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carey LC, Lepley D Jr. Effect of continuous direct electric current on healing wounds. Surg Forum 1962;13:33–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker LL, Rubayi S, Villar F, Demuth SK. Effect of electrical stimulation waveform on healing of ulcers in human beings with spinal cord injury. Wound Repair Regen 1996;4(1):21–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffin M, Iqbal SA, Sebastian A, Colthurst J, Bayat A. Degenerate wave and capacitive coupling increase human MSC invasion and proliferation while reducing cytotoxicity in an in vitro wound healing model. PLoS One 2011;6(8):e23404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Watt C, Karystinou A, Roelofs AJ, McCaig CD, Gibson IR, et al. Directed migration of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a physiological direct current electric field. Eur Cell Mater 2011;22:344–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruck JC, Buttemeyer R, Grabosch A, Gruhl L. More arguments in favor of myocutaneous flaps for the treatment of pelvic pressure sores. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26(1):85–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubayi S, Chandrasekhar BS. Trunk, abdomen, and pressure sore reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128(3):201e–15e.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubayi S, Cousins S, Valentine WA. Myocutaneous flaps: surgical treatment of severe pressure ulcers. Aorn J 1990;52(1):40–7. 50, 2–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubayi S, Pompan D, Garland D. Proximal femoral resection and myocutaneous flap for treatment of pressure ulcers in spinal injury patients. Ann Plast Surg 1991;27(2):132–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubayi S, Burnett CC. The efficacy of single-stage surgical management of multiple pressure sores in spinal cord-injured patients. Ann Plast Surg 1999;42(5):533–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameen M, Au M, Wood T, Farrokhyar F, Mahoney J. A systematic review of complication and recurrence rates of musculocutaneous, faciocutaneous, and perforator-based flaps for treatment of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130:67e–77e.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark FA, Jackson JM, Scott MD, Carlson ME, Atkins MS, Uhles-Tanaka D, et al. Data-based models of how pressure ulcers develop in daily-living contexts of adults with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87(11):1516–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson J, Carlson M, Rubayi S, Scott MD, Atkins MS, Blanche EI, et al. Qualitative study of principles pertaining to lifestyle and pressure ulcer risk in adults with spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil 2010;32(7):567–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower J, Blumberg S, Carroll E, Pastar I, Brem H, Chen W. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy and delivery systems in nonhealing wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care 2011;24(11):524–32. quiz 33–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan K, Tang J, Escandon J, Kirsner RS. State of the art in topical wound-healing products. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(Suppl 1):44S–59S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko SH, Nauta A, Wong V, Glotzbach J, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. The role of stem cells in cutaneous wound healing: what do we really know? Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(Suppl 1):10S–20S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott-Williams S. Materials that help reduce pressure injuries. Outpatient Surgery Magazine 2009;10(11). Reprint available at http://www.biologics900t.com/materials_that_help_reduce_pressure_injuries_outpatient_surgery_magazine_article_biologics.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sarasua JG, Lopez SP, Viejo MA, Basterrechea MP, Rodriguez AF, Gutierrez AF, et al. Treatment of pressure ulcers with autologous bone marrow nuclear cells in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34(3):301–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers L, Bhavsar D, Broder K, Breithaupt A, Bodor R. Preserving skin microcirculation with “dolphin” bed technology. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62(6):831S–2S.
   Google Scholar
• Rees RS, Robson MC, Smiell JM, Perry BH. Becaplermin gel in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Wound Repair Regen 1999;7:141–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates-Jensen BM, McCreath HE, Pongquan V, Apeles NC. Subepidermal moisture differentiates erythema and stage I pressure ulcers in nursing home residents. Wound Repair Regen 2008;16(2):189–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine SM, Sinno S, Levine JP, Saadeh PB. An evidenced-based approach to the surgical management of pressure ulcers. Ann Plast Surg 2012;69:482–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar