A simple method for generating small calcium-alginate beads by syringe

References

• Jen AC, Wake MC, Mikos AG. Review: Hydrogels for cell immobilization. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1996;50:357–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, Mooney DJ. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials. 1999;20:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pangas SA, Saudye H, Shea LD, Woodruff TK. Novel approach for the three-dimensional culture of granulosa cell–oocyte complexes. Tissue Eng. 2003;9:1013–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xie J, Wang CH. Electrospray in the dripping mode for cell microencapsulation. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2007;312:247–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orive G, Hernadez RM, Gascon AR, Calafiore R, Chang TM, de Vos P, et al. Cell encapsulation: promise and progress. Nat Med. 2003;9:104–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corn DJ, Kim Y, Krebs MD, Mounts T, Molter J, Gerson S, et al. Imaging early stage osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res. 2013;31:871–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrobak KM, Potter DR, Tien J. Formation of perfused, functional microvascular tubes in vitro. Microvasc Res. 2006;71:185–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs EC, Robertson NE, Riss TL, Plunkett ML. Calcium alginate beads as a slow-release system for delivering angiogenic molecules in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Physiol. 1992;152:422–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal D, Nayak AK. Novel tamarind seed polysaccharide-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres for oral gliclazide delivery: in vitro–in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2012;19:123–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs MD, Salter E, Chen E, Sutter KA, Alsberg E. Calcium phosphate-DNA nanoparticle gene delivery from alginate hydrogels induces in vivo osteogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2008;92:1131–8.
   Google Scholar
• Zachos T, Diggs A, Weisbrode S, Bartlett J, Bertone A. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated gene delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in an articular fracture model. Mol Ther. 2007;15:1543–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez MS, Leroux F, Mousty C. Amperometric biosensors based on LDH–alginate hybrid nanocomposite for aqueous and non-aqueous phenolic compounds detection. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2010;150:36–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoine D, Wauters F, Bouchend’Homme S, Preat V. Preparation and characterization of alginate microspheres containing a model antigen. Int J Pharm. 1998;176:9–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos E, Zarate J, Orive G, Hernandez RM, Pedraz JL. Biomaterials in cell microencapsulation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;670:5–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster E, Eckardt J, Hermansson AM, Larsson A, Lorén N, Altskär A, et al. Microstructural, mechanical and mass transport properties of isotropic and capillary alginate gels. Soft Matter. 2013;10:357–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim F, Sun AM. Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas. Science. 1980;210:908–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won K, Kim S, Kim KJ, Park HW, Moon SJ. Optimization of lipase entrapment in Ca-alginate gel beads. Process Biochem. 2005;40:2149–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunder T, Gaissmaier C, Fritz J, Stoop R, Hortschansky P, Mollenhauer J, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 enhances the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan in chondrocytes embedded in alginate beads. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004;12:559–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okhamafe AO, Amsden B, And WC, Goosen MFA. Modulation of protein release from chitosan-alginate microcapsules using the pH-sensitive polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate. J Microencapsul. 1996;13:497–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray CJ, Dowsett J. Retention of insulin in alginate gel beads. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1988;31:607–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ab-Rahim S, Selvaratnam L, Raghavendran HR, Kamarul T. Chondrocyte-alginate constructs with or without TGF-β1 produces superior extracellular matrix expression than monolayer cultures. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;376:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan BH, Nagatomi J. Histological techniques for preservation of alginate bead structural integrity using glycolmethacrylate. J Histotechnol. 2013;36:100–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papas KK. Development of a bioartificial pancreas. II. Effects of oxygen on long-term entrapped βTC3 cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1999;66:231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colton CK. Implantable biohybrid artificial organs. Cell Transplant. 1995;4:415–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncelet D, Neufeld RJ. Shear breakage of nylon membrane microcapsules in a turbine reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1989;33:95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robitaille R, Pariseau JF, Leblond FA, Lamoureux M, Lepage Y, Halle JP. Studies on small (< 350 μm) alginate-poly-L-ysine microcapsules. III. Biocompatibility of smaller versus standard microcapsules. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;44:116–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magyar JP, Nemir M, Ehler E, Suter N, Perriard JC, Eppenberger HM. Mass production of embryoid bodies in microbeads. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001;944:135–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gombotz WR, Wee S. Protein release from alginate matrices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;31:267–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Kajiyama S, Masuhara H, Hosokawa Y, Kaji T, Fukui K. A new size and shape controlling method for producing calcium alginate beads with immobilized proteins. J Biomed Sci Eng. 2009;2:287–93.
   Google Scholar
• Hunik JH, Tramper J. Large-scale production of kappa-carrageenan droplets for gel-bead production: theoretical and practical limitations of size and production rate. Biotechnol Prog. 1993;9:186–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandenberger H, Widmer F. A new multinozzle encapsulation/immobilisation system to produce uniform beads of alginate. J Biotechnol. 1998;63:73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serp D, Cantana E, Heinzen C, von Stockar U, Marison IW. Characterization of an encapsulation device for the production of monodisperse alginate beads for cell immobilization. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2000;70:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch S, Schwinger C, Kressler J, Heinzen CH, Rainov NG. Alginate encapsulation of genetically engineered mammalian cells: comparison of production devices, methods and microcapsule characteristics. J Microencapsul. 2003;20:303–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal SK, Talukdar P, Pal TK. Standardization of a newly designed vibrating capillary apparatus for the preparation of microcapsules. Chem Eng Technol. 1993;16:395–8.
   Google Scholar
• Seifert DB, Phillips JA. Production of small, monodispersed alginate beads for cell immobilization. Biotechnol Prog. 1997;13:562–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prüße U, Fox B, Kirchhoff M, Bruske F, Breford J, Vorlop KD. The jet cutting method as a new immobilization technique. Biotechnol Techn. 1998;12:105–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sugiura S, Oda T, Aoyagi Y, Matsuo R, Enomoto T, Matsumoto K, et al. Microfabricated airflow nozzle for microencapsulation of living cells into 150 micrometer microcapsules. Biomed Microdevices. 2007;9:91–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Ding HJ, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhao XZ. Shape-controlled production of biodegradable calcium alginate gel microparticles using a novel microfluidic device. Langmuir. 2006;22:9453–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeberle S, Naegele L, Burger R, von Stetten F, Zengerle R, Ducree J. Alginate bead fabrication and encapsulation of living cells under centrifugally induced artificial gravity conditions. J Microencapsul. 2008;25:267–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura S, Oda T, Izumida Y, Aoyagi Y, Satake M, Ochiai A, et al. Size control of calcium alginate beads containing living cells using micro-nozzle array. Biomaterials. 2005;26:3327–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiti D, Lacham-Kaplan O. Density gradients for the isolation of germ cells from embryoid bodies. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;16:730–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar