Identification of white efflorescence on wooden African objects

References

• Arnone, A., Camarda, L., Merlini, L., Nasini, G. & Taylor, D.A.H. 1981. Isoflavonoid Constituents of the West African Red Wood Baphia nitida. Phytochemistry, 20(4): 799–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A.C., Uetimane, E.J. & Lhate, I.A. 2008. Anatomical Characteristics, Properties and Use of Traditionally Used and Lesser-Known Wood Species from Mozambique: A Literature Review. Wood Science and Technology, 42(6): 453–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. 2012. IR-standards (comprehensive) Bio-Rad Sadtler spectral library, accessed from KnowItAll® Informatics System, IR/NIR Edition.
   Google Scholar
• Cardon, D. 2007. Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science. London: Archetype Publications Ltd, pp. 289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Longwe, L. 1995. Malawi: Country Report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resource [accessed 20 February 2013]. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/PGR/SoW1/africa/MALAWI.PDF>
   Google Scholar
• Malamusi, M. 2011. 12 October. [personal communication]. Chileka, Malawi: Oral Literature Research Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Michalski, M. 2011. Incorrect Relative Humidity [accessed 20 February 2013]. Available at: <http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/caringfor-prendresoindes/articles/10agents/chap10-eng.aspx>
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment. 2006. Climate of Malawi [accessed 20 February 2013]. Available at: <http://www.metmalawi.com/climate/climate.php>
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt, E. 2009. Analysis of a Crystalline Bloom on a Wooden Desk. Unpublished report ARL 4682, CCI 101442. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt, E. & Poulin, J. 2003. Analysis of White Deposits on Four Inuit Wooden Bowls. Unpublished report ARL 4224, CCI 85432. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt, E. & Poulin, J. 2012. Analysis of Samples from an Anthropomorphic Door Lock. Unpublished report CSD 4931, CCI 123676. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Mori, K. & Kisida, H. 1988. Synthesis of Pterocarpins I: Synthesis of Both the Enantiomers of Pterocarpin. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1988(7):721–3.
   Google Scholar
• Morimoto, M., Fukumoto, H., Hiratani, M., Chavasiri, W. & Komai, K. 2006. Insect Antifeedants, Pterocarpans and Pterocarpol, in Heartwood of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kruz. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 70(8):1864–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pack, C., Carrlee, E. & Carrlee, S. 2011. Wood. In: What's That White Stuff? [accessed 4 January 2013]. <http://alaskawhitestuffid.wordpress.com/2011/08/09/wood/>
   Google Scholar
• Pearlstein, E. 1986. Fatty Bloom on Wood Object from Mali. Studies in Conservation, 31(2): 83–91.
   Google Scholar
• Pearlstein, E. 1988. Fatty Bloom on Wood Objects from Mali. In: R. Barclay, M. Gilberg, J.C. McCawley & T. Stone, eds. Symposium 86: The Care and Preservation of Ethnological Materials: Proceedings. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute, pp. 130–6.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, D.W. & Bottomley, W. 1962. Studies on Phytoalexins. V. The Structure of Pisatin from Pisum sativum L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 84(10): 1919–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phongphaew, P. 2003. The Commercial Woods of Africa. A Descriptive Full-Colour Guide. Ammanford: Stobart-Davies Ltd., pp. 126–7, 160–1.
   Google Scholar
• Poulin, J. & Helwig, K. 2010. Analysis of White Crystalline Efflorescence on a Varnished Wood Surface. Unpublished report, CSD 4800, CCI 121940. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Séguin, L. 2010. 1 November. [personal communication]. Ottawa: Sisters of Charity of Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Séguin, L. 2013. January–February. [personal communication]. Ottawa: Sisters of Charity of Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Shackelton, C.M. 2002. Growth Patterns of Pterocarpus angolensis in Savannahs of the South African Lowveld. Forest Ecology and Management, 166(1–3): 85–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, C. 1999. South Africa's Woodcarving Industry. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 18(1): 11–20.
   Google Scholar
• Therrell, M.D., Stahle, D.W., Mukelabai, M.M. & Shugart, H.H. 2007. Age and Radial Growth Dynamics of Pterocarpus angolensis in Southern Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 244(1–3): 24–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. 1989. Bloom, Blushes, Transferred Images and Mouldy Surfaces: What are These Distracting Accretions on Art Works? In: J.G. Wellheiser, ed. Proceedings of the 14th Annual IIC-GC Conference. Toronto: The Toronto Area Conservation Group of The International Institute for Conversation of Historic and Artistic Works – Canadian Group, pp. 65–84.
   Google Scholar
• Wörle, M., Hubert, V., Hildbrand, E., Hunger, K., Lehmann, E., Mayer, I., Petrak, G., Pracher, M., von Arx, U. & Wülfert, S. 2012. Evaluation and Decontamination Methods of Pesticide Contaminated Wooden Objects in Museum Collections: Efficiency of the Treatments and Influence on the Wooden Structure. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 13(3): S209–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yenjai, C., Pitchayawasin, S., Bunsupa, S. & Sangkul, S. 2005. Phytochemical Study of Hymenocardia wallichii Tul. In: K.H.C. Baser, G. Franz, S. Canigueral, F. Demirci, L.E. Craker & Z.E. Gardner, eds. III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Volume 3: Perspectives in Natural Product Chemistry. Belgium: Acta Horticulturae, pp. 127–9.
   Google Scholar