Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among HIV-positive immigrants attending two Italian hospitals, from 2000 to 2009

REFERENCES

• Agi PI. (1997). Comparative helminth infections of man in two rural communities of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 16, 232–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, Den Boer M, Cañavate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Ter Horst R, López-Vélez R, Moreno J. (2008). The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 21, 334–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assefa S, Erko B, Medhin G, Assefa Z, Shimelis T. (2009). Intestinal parasite infections in relation to HIV/AIDS status, diarrhea and CD4 T-cell count. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscolo M, Gobbo M, Mantovani W, Degani M, Anselmi M, Monteiro GB, Marocco S, Angheben A, Mistretta M, Santacatterina M, Tais S, Bisoffi Z. (2007). Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for strongyloidiasis as a tool for diagnosis and follow-up. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2, 129–133.
   Google Scholar
• Brown M, Cartledge JD, Miller RF. (2006). Dissemination of Strongyloides stercoralis as an immune restoration phenomenon in an HIV-1-infected man on antiretroviral therapy. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 17, 560–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (1986). Current trends classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type II/lymphadenopathy associated virus infections. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 35, 334–339.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (1987). Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 36, 3S–15S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• da Silva CV, Ferreira MS, Borges AS, Cruz CostaJM. (2005). Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients: experience at a teaching hospital in central Brazil. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 37, 211–215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dias RM, Mangini AC, Torres DM, Vellosa SA, da Silva MI, da Silva RM, Corrêa MO, Coletti C. (1992). Occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 34, 15–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill GV, Welch E, Bailey JW, Bell DR, Beeching NJ. (2004). Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former British Far East prisoners of war. QJM, 97, 789–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez Morales MA, Atzori C, Ludovisi A, Rossi P, Scaglia M, Pozio E. (1995). Opportunistic and non opportunistic parasite in HIV positive and negative patients with diarrhoea in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 46, 109–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hochberg NS, Moro NR, Sheth AN, Montgomery SP, Steurer F, McAuliffe IT, Wang YF, Armstrong W, Rivera HN, Lennox JL, Franco-Paredes C. (2011). High prevalence of persistent parasitic infections in foreign-born, HIV-infected persons in the United States. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5, e1034.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keiser PB, Nutman TB. (2004). Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17, 208–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi J, Hasegawa H, Soares EC, Toma H, Dacal AR, Brito MC, Yamanaka A, Foli AA, Sato Y. (1996). Studies on prevalence of Strongyloides infection in Holambra and Maceiò, Brazil, by the agar plate fecal culture method. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 38, 279–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanzafame M, Faggian F, Lattuada E, Antolini D, Vento S. (2005). Strongyloidiasis in an HIV-1-infected patient after highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune restoration. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn SD. (2007). Immune reconstitution disease associated with parasitic infections following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Current Opinion Infectious Diseases, 20, 482–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfy MR, Wilson M, Keystone JS, Kain K. (2002). Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66, 749–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maayan S, Wormser GP, Widerhorn J, Sy ER, Kim YH, Ernst JA. (1987). Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. American Journal of Medicine, 83, 945–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcos LA, Terashima A, Canales M, Gotuzzo E. (2011). Update on Strongyloidiasis in the immunocompromised host. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 13, 35–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montoya JG. (2002). Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 185, S73–S82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen A, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Polderman T, Polman K, Steinmann P, Stothard R, Thybo S, Verweij JJ, Magnussen P. (2009). Strongyloidiasis — the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103, 967–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orem J, Mayanja B, Okongo M, Morgan D. (2003). Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with AIDS in Uganda successfully treated with ivermectin. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 152–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petithory JC, Derouin F. (1987). AIDS and strongyloidiasis in Africa. The Lancet, 18, 921.
   Google Scholar
• Sarangarajan RA, Belmonte AH, Tchertkoff V. (1997). Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection diagnosed by gastric cytology in an AIDS patient. AIDS, 11, 394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarner L, Fakoya AO, Tawana C, Allen E, Copas JA, Chiodini PL, Fenton KA. (2007). The utility of screening for parasitic infections in HIV-1-infected Africans with eosinophilia in London. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 18, 626–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segarra-Newnham M. (2007). Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 41, 1992–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui AA, Berk SL. (2001). Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 33, 1040–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sithithaworn P, Srisawangwong T, Tesana S, Daenseekaew W, Sithithaworn J, Fujimaki Y, Ando K. (2003). Epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in north-east Thailand: application of the agar plate culture technique compared with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97, 398–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaiyavatjamai P, Boitano JJ, Techasintana P, Tungtrongchitr A. (2008). Immunocompromised group differences in the presentation of intestinal strongyloidiasis. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 61, 5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelifari L, Bloch P, Magnussen P, van Lieshout L, Dery G, Anemana S, Agongo E, Polderman AM. (2005). Distribution of humans Oesophagostomun bifurcum, hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in northern Ghana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99, 32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar