Diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp. from Giemsa-stained slides, by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis in south-west of Iran

REFERENCES

• Al-Jawabreh A, Schönian G, Hamarsheh O, Presber W. (2006). Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison study between standardized graded direct microscopy and ITS1-PCR of Giemsa-stained smears. Acta Tropica, 99, 55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghaei M. (2005). Intraspecific variation in Leishmania major isolated from different forms of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 30, 51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Ben Abda I, de Monbrison F, Bousslimi N, Aoun K, Bouratbine A, Picot S. (2011). Advantages and limits of real-time PCR assay and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for the identification of cutaneous Leishmania species in Tunisia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 105, 17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezold G, Lange M, Gethöffer K, Pillekamp H, Reindl H, Richter C, Schönian G, Weber L, Peter RU. (2001). Competitive polymerase chain reaction used to diagnose cuteneous leishmaniasis in German soldiers infected during military exercises in French Guiana. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 20, 421–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretagne S. (2003). Molecular diagnostics in clinical parasitology and mycology: limits of the current polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and interest of the real-time PCR assays. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 9, 505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster S, Aslett M, Barker DC. (1998). Kinetoplast DNA minicircle database. Parasitology Today, 14, 437–438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castilho TM, Camargo LM, McMahon-Pratt D, Shaw JJ, Floeter-Winter LM. (2008). A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification and quantification of American Leishmania species on the basis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78, 122–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chargui N, Bastien P, Kallel K, Haouas N, Akrout FM, Masmoudi A, Zili J, Chaker E, Othman AD, Azaiez R, Crobu L, Mezhoud H, Babba H. (2005). Usefulness of PCR in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99, 762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corless CE, Guiver M, Borrow R, Edward-Jones V, Fox AJ, Kaczmarski B. (2001). Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumonia in suspected cases of meningitis and septicemia using real-time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 1553–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft SL, Coombs GH. (2003). Leishmaniasis — current chemotherapy and recent advances in the search for novel drugs. Trends in Parasitology, 19, 502–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft SL, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH. (2006). Drug resistance in leishmaniasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19, 111–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Monbrison F, Mihoubi. I, Picot S. (2007). Real-time PCR assay for the identification of cutaneous Leishmania parasite species in Constantine region of Algeria. Acta Tropica, 102, 79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjeux P. (2001). The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95, 239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjeux P. (2004). Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 27, 305–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• do Monte-Neto RL, Coelho AC, Raymond F, Légaré D, Corbeil J, Melo MN, Frézard F, Ouellette M. (2011). Gene expression profiling and molecular characterization of antimony resistance in Leishmania amazonensis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5, 1167.
   Google Scholar
• Foulet F, Botterel F, Buffet P, Morizot G, Rivollet D, Deniau M, Pratlong F, Costa JM, Bretagne S. (2007). Detection and identification of Leishmania species from clinical specimens by using a real-time PCR assay and sequencing of the cytochrome B gene. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2110–2115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasemian M, Maraghi S, Samarbafzadeh AR, Jelowdar A, Kalantati M. (2011). The PCR-based detection and identification of the parasites causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Iranian city of Ahvaz. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 105, 209–215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javadian E, Mesghali A. (1974). Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I. The leptomonad infection of sandflies. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique et de ses filiales, 67, 513–516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazemi-Rad E, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Rezaei S, Mamishi S. (2008). Diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania species in Giemsa-stained slides by PCR-RFLP. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 37, 54–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan JMJ, Edwards KJ, Saunders NA, Stanley J., (2001). Rapid identification of Campylobacter spp. by melting peak analysis of biprobes in real-time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 2227–2232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauricio IL, Stothard JR, Miles MA. (2004). Leishmania donovani complex: genotyping with the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and the mini-exon. Parasitology, 28, 263–267.
   Google Scholar
• Mondal S, Bhattacharya P, Ali N. (2010). Current diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 8, 919–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motazedian H, Karamian M, Noyes HA, Ardehali S. (2002). DNA extraction and amplification of Leishmania from archived, Giemsa-stained slides, for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by PCR. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 96, 31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas L, Milon G, Prina E. (2002). Rapid differentiation of Old World Leishmania species by LightCycler polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analysis. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 51, 295–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira JG, Novais FO, de Oliveira CI, da Cruz Junior AC, Campos LF, da Rocha AV, Boaventura V, Noronha A, Costa JM, Barral A. (2005). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is highly sensitive for diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis. Acta Tropica, 94, 55–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quispe-Tintaya KW, Laurent T, Decuypere S, Hide M, Bañuls AL, de Doncker S, Rijal S, Cañavate C, Campino L, Dujardin JC. (2005). Fluorogenic assay for molecular typing of the Leishmania donovani complex: taxonomic and clinical applications. Journal of Infectious Disease, 192, 685–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J. (1990). Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 65, 111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saki J, Meamar AR, Oormazdi H, Akhlaghi L, Maraghi S, Mohebali M, Khademvatan S, Razmjou E. (2010). Mini-exon genotyping of Leishmania species in Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 5, 25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönian G, Mauricio I, Gramiccia M, Canavate C, Boelaert M, Dujardin JC. (2008). Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean in the era of molecular epidemiology. Trends in Parasitology, 24, 135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoh C, Schalling HD, Presbe W, Jaffe C. (2003). PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and importedclinical samples. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 47, 349–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriefer A, Wilson ME, Carvalho EM. (2008). Recent developments leading toward a paradigm switch in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to human leishmaniasis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 21, 483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmi-Frank D, Nasereddin A, Schnur LF, Schönian G, Töz SO, Jaffe CL, Baneth G. (2010). Detection and identification of Old World Leishmania by high resolution melt analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12, e581.
   Google Scholar
• Tashakori M, Kuhls K, Al-Jawabreh A, Mauricio IL, Schönian G, Farajnia S, Alimohammadian MH. (2006). Leishmania major: genetic heterogeneity of Iranian isolates by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer. Acta Tropica, 98, 52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1991). Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology. 1st Edn. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Wortmann G, Hochberg L, Houng HH, Sweeney C, Zapor M, Aronson N, Weina P, Ockenhouse CF. (2005). Rapid identification of Leishmania complexes by a real-time PCR assay. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73, 999–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar