2,391
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Issue Articles

Origins and implications of neglect of G6PD deficiency and primaquine toxicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Pages 93-106 | Received 15 Dec 2014, Accepted 13 Apr 2015, Published online: 06 May 2015

References

  • White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Hien TT, Fiaz MA, Mokuolu OA, Dundorp AM. Malaria. Lancet. 2014;22(383):723–35.
  • Roper C, Alifrangis M, Ariey F, Talisuna A, Menard D, Mercereau-Puijalon O, et al. Molecular surveillance for artemisinin resistance in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:668–70.
  • Wongsrichanalai C, Sibley CH. Fighting drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum: the challenge of artemisinin resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:908–16.
  • Trape JF. The public health impact of chloroquine resistance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64(1–2 Suppl):12–17.
  • Baird JK, Maguire JD, Price RN. Diagnosis and treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Adv Parasitol. 2012;80:203–70.
  • Baird JK. Resistance to therapies for infection by Plasmodium vivax. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:508–34.
  • Price RN, von Seidlein L, Valecha N, Nosten F, Baird JK, White NJ. Global extent of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:982–91.
  • White NJ, Imwong M. Relapse. Adv Parasitol. 2012;80:113–50.
  • Arguin PM, Mali S. Malaria. Infectious diseases related to travel. The Yellow Book. Ch. 3 Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control; 2012.
  • Drugs for parasitic infections. 3rd edn. New Rochelle: The Medical Letter; 2013.
  • Freedman DO. Malaria prevention in short-term travelers. New Engl J Med. 2008;359:603–12.
  • Chiodini P, Hill D, Lalloo D, Lea G, Walker E, Whitty C. Guidelines for the malaria prevention in travelers from the United Kingdom. London: Health Protection Agency; 2007.
  • Schwartz E, Parise M, Kozarsky P, Cetron M. Delayed onset of malaria – implications for chemophrophylaxis in travelers. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1510–6.
  • Black RH, Canfield CJ, Clyde DF, Peters W, Wernsdorfer WH In: Bruce-Chwatt LJ, editor. Chemotherapy of malaria. 2nd edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1981; p. p.261.
  • Howes RE, Piel FB, Patil AP, Nyangiri OA, Gething PW, Dewi M, et al. G6PD deficiency prevalence and estimates of affected populations in malaria endemic countries: a geostatistical-based map. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001339.
  • von Seidlein L, Auburn S, Espino F, Shanks D, Cheng Q, McCarthy J, et al. Review of key knowledge gaps in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency detection with regard to the safe clinical deployment of 8-aminoquinoline treatment regimens: a workshop report. Malaria J. 2013;12:112.
  • White MT, Karl S, Battle KE, Hay SI, Mueller I, Ghani AC. Modeling the contribution of the hypnozoite reservoir to Plasmodium vivax transmission. Elife. 2014;3.
  • Wells TN, Burrows JN, Baird JK. Targeting the hypnozoite reservoir of Plasmodium vivax: the hidden obstacle to malaria elimination. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26:145–51.
  • Baird JK. Neglect of Plasmodium vivax. Trends Parasitol. 2007;23:533–9.
  • Price RN, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(6 Suppl):79–87.
  • Anstey NM, Douglas NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Price RN. Plasmodium vivax: clinical spectrum, risk factors and pathogenesis. Adv Parasitol. 2012;80:153–201.
  • Douglas NM, Pontororing GJ, Lampah DA, Yeo TW, Kenangalem E, Poespoprodjo J, et al. Mortality attributable to Plasmodium vivax malaria: a clinical audit from Papua, Indonesia. BMC Med. 2014;12:217.
  • Tjitra E, Anstey NM, Sugiarto P, Warikar N, Kenangalem E, Karyana M, et al. Multi-drug resistant Plasmodium vivax associated with severe and fatal malaria: a prospective study in Papua, Indonesia. PLoS Med. 2008;46:1374–81.
  • Kitchen SF In: Boyed MF, editor. Malariology: a comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. Vol. II. Ch. 40–43. Philadelphia, USA: WB Saunders Company; 1949. p. 966–1045.
  • Douglas NM, Anstey NM, Buffet PA, Poespoprodjo JR, Yeo TW, White NJ, et al. The anaemia of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malaria J. 2012;11:135.
  • Lampah DA, Yeo TW, Malloy M, Kenangalem E, Douglas NM, Ronaldo D, et al. Severe malarial thrombocytopenia: a risk factor for mortality in Papua, Indonesia. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:623–34.
  • Kochar DK, Das A, Kochar A, Middha S, Acharya J, Tanwar GS, et al. A prospective study on adult patients of severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infection from Bikaner, northwest India. J Vector Borne Dis. 2014;51:200–10.
  • Naing C, Whittaker MA, Nyunt Wai V, Mak JW. Is Plasmodium vivax malaria a severe malaria? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3071.
  • Baird JK. Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:36–57.
  • Hwang J, Cullen K, Kachur SP, Arguin PM, Baird JK. Severe morbidity and mortality risk from malaria in the United States, 1985–2011. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1:1.
  • Sternberg GM. Malaria and malarial diseases. New York: William Wood & Company; 1884.
  • Strydom KA, Ismail F, Frean J. Plasmodium ovale: a cast of not-so-benign tertian malaria. Malaria J. 2014;13:85.
  • Rajahram GS, Barber BE, William T, Menon J, Anstey NM, Yeo TW. Deaths due to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: association with reporting as Plasmodium malariae and delayed parenteral artesunate. Malaria J. 2012;11:284.
  • Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SS, Cox-Singh J, et al. A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet. 2004;363:1017–24.
  • Baird JK. Resurgent malaria at the millennium: control strategies in crisis. Drugs. 2000;59:719–43.
  • Schlitzer M. Malaria chemotherapeutics part I: history of antimalarial drug development, currently used therapeutics, and drugs in clinical development. Chem Med Chem. 2007;2:944–86.
  • Jensen M, Mehlhorn H. 75 Years of Resochin in the fight against malaria. Dusseldorf: Dusseldorf University Press; 2009; p.102.
  • Field JW. Notes on the chemotherapy of malaria. Bulletins from the Institute for Medical Research. Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Printing; 1938; p. p.180.
  • Manifold JA. Plasmoquine and quinine in the treatment of malaria. J Roy Army Med Corps. 1931;56(231–238):410–23.
  • Blackie WK. A fatal case of plasmoquine poisoning. South African Med J. 1935;9:147–8.
  • Brosius OT. Plasmochin in malaria. Medical Department 16th Annual Report, Section II. Boston: United Fruit Company; 1927; p. 26–81.
  • Clark WM. History of the co-operative wartime program. In: Edwards JW, editor. A survey of antimalarial drugs. Vol. 1. Ann Arbor, MI: J.W. Edwards; 1946. p. 2–57.
  • Baird JK. Resistance to chloroquine unhinges vivax malaria therapeutics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1827–30.
  • Office of the Surgeon General of the United States. Circular letter no. 153. The drug treatment of malaria, suppressive and clinical. JAMA. 1943;123:205.
  • Shannon JA. Chemotherapy in malaria. Bull NY Acad Med. 1946;22:345–57.
  • Edgecomb JH, Arnold J, Yount EH Jr, Alving AS, Eichelberger L, Jeffery GM, et al. Primaquine, SN 13272, a new curative agent in vivax malaria: a preliminary report. J Nat Malaria Soc. 1950;9:285–92.
  • Coatney GR. Pitfalls in a discovery: the chronicle of chloroquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1963;12:121–8.
  • Most H, Kane CA, Levietes PH, London IM, Schroeder EF, Hayman JM. Combined quinine-plasmochin treatment of vivax malaria: effect of relapse rate. Am J Med Sci. 1946;212:550–60.
  • Alving AS, Craige B Jr, Pullman TN, Whorton CM, Jones R Jr, Eichelberger L. Procedures used at Stateville Penitentiary for the testing of potential antimalarial agents. J Clin Invest. 1948;27(3 Pt 2):2–5.
  • Hockwald RS, Arnold J, Clayman CB, Alving AS. Status of primaquine. IV. Toxicity of primaquine in Negroes. JAMA. 1952;149:1568.
  • Carson PE, Flanagan CL, Ickes CE, Alving AS. Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes. Science. 1956;124:484–5.
  • Chopra SA. Hemolytic crisis in a Zanzibari Arab girl with G6PD deficiency and sickle cell trait. East Afr Med J. 1968;45:726–7.
  • Ebisawa I, Muto T. Malaria in Laos. 3. Primaquine sensitivity of the Laotians and the Japanese. Jpn J Exp Med. 1972;42:415–7.
  • Ziai M, Amirhakimi GH, Reinhold JG, Tabatabee M, Gettner MS, Bowman JE. Malaria prophylaxis and treatment in G6PD deficiency: an observation on the toxicity of primaquine and chloroquine. Clin Pediatr. 1967;6:242–3.
  • Abeyaratne KP, Halpe NL. Sensitivity to primaquine in Ceylonese children due to deficiency of erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ceylon Med J. 1968;13:134–8.
  • George JN, Sears DA, McCurdy PR, Conrad ME. Primaquine sensitivity in Caucasians: hemolytic reactions induced by primaquine in G6PD deficient subjects. J Lab Clin Med. 1967;70:80–93.
  • Salvidio E, Pannacciulli I, Tizianello A, Ajmar F. Nature of hemolytic crises and the fate of G6PD deficient, drug-damaged erythrocytes in Sardinians. New Engl J Med. 1967;276:1339–44.
  • Pannacciulli I, Tizianello A, Ajmar F, Salvidio E. The course of experimentally induced hemolytic anemia in a primaquine-sensitive Caucasian. A case study. Blood. 1965;25:92–5.
  • Everett WD. Malaria and beriberi: unresolved military problems contributing to the fall of Cambodia. Mil Med. 1979;144:158–61.
  • Howes RE, Dewi M, Piel FB, Monteiro WM, Battle KE, Messina JP, et al. Spatial distribution of G6PD deficiency variants across malaria-endemic regions. Malaria J. 2013;12:418.
  • Iwai K, Hirono A, Matsuoka H, Kawamoto F, Horie T, Lin K, et al. Distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutations in Southeast Asia. Hum Genet. 2001;108:445–9.
  • Clyde DF. Clinical problems associated with the use of primaquine as a tissue schizontocidal and gametocytocidal drug. Bull WHO. 1981;59:391–5.
  • World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 2nd edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010; p. p.194.
  • Recht J, Ashley E, White N. Safety of 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014; p. p.222.
  • Piomelli S, Corash LM, Davenport DD, Miraglia J, Amorosi EL. In vivo liability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in GdA- and GdMediterranean Deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1968;47:940–8.
  • Alving AS, Johnson CF, Tarlov AR, Brewer GJ, Kellermeyer RW, Carson PE. Mitigation of the haemolytic effect of primaquine and enhancement of its action against exoerythrocytic forms of the Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax by intermittent regimens of drug administration. Bull WHO. 1960;22:621–31.
  • Bonsignore A, Fornaini G, Fantoni A, Leoncini G, Segni P. Relationship between age and enzymatic activities in human erythrocytes from normal and fava bean-subjects. J Clin Invest. 1964;43:834–42.
  • Lacerda MV, Fragoso SC, Alecrim MG, Alexandre MA, Magalhaes BM, Siquiera AM, et al. Postmortem characterization of patients with a clinical diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria: to what extent does this parasite kill? Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:e67–e74.
  • Sukmar S, Colah R, Mohanty D. G6PD gene mutations in India producing drug-induced haemolytic anaemia. Brit J Haematol. 2002;116:671–2.
  • Onori E, Muir D. Report on a visit to Euro-Mal TUR/MPD/001 (Turkey). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978.
  • Battle KE, Karhunen MS, Bhatt S, Gething PW, Howes RE, Golding N, et al. Geographical variation in Plasmodium vivax relapse. Malaria J. 2014;13:144.
  • Craige B Jr, Alving AS, Jones R Jr, Whorton CM, Pullman TN, Eichelberger L. The Chesson strain of Plasmodium vivax malaria. II. Relationship between prepatent period, latent period, and relapse rate. J Inf Dis. 1947;80:228–36.
  • Eyles DE, Young MD. Studies on imported malarias. 7. The Parasitological pattern of relapsing Plasmodium vivax in military patients. 1948;7:23–38.
  • Douglas NM, Nosten F, Ashley EA, Phaiphun L, van Vugt M, Singhasivanon P, et al. Plasmodium vivax relapse following falciparum and mixed species malaria: risk factors and effect of antimalarial kinetics. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:612–20.
  • Pukirttayakamee S, Chantra A, Simpson JA, Vanijanonta S, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, et al. Therapeutic responses to different antimalarial drugs in vivax malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1680–5.
  • Sutanto I, Tjahjono B, Basri H, Taylor WR, Putri FA, Meilia RA, et al. Randomized, open-label trial of primaquine against vivax malaria relapse in Indonesia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:1128–35.
  • Ingram RJH, Crenna-Darusallam C, Soebianto S, Noviyanti R, Baird JK. The clinical and public health problem of relapse despite primaquine therapy: case review of repeated relapses of Plasmodium vivax acquired in Papua New Guinea. Malaria J. 2014;13:488.
  • Louicharoen C, Patin E, Paul R, Nuchprayoon I, Witoonpanich B, Peerapittayamongkol C, et al. Positively selected G6PD-Mahidol mutation reduces Plasmodium vivax density in Southeast Asians. Science. 2009;326:1546–9.
  • Baird JK, Hoffman SL. Primaquine therapy for malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1336–45.
  • Baird JK, Satyagraha AW, Bancone G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and primaquine hemolytic toxicity. In: Hommel M, Kremsner PG, editors. Encyclopedia of Malaria. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2014.
  • von Fricken ME, Weppelmann TA, Eaton WT, Masse R, Beau de Rochars MV, Okech BA. Performance of the CareStart glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) rapid diagnostic test in Gressier. Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:77–80.
  • Baird JK, Dewi M, Subekti D, Elyazar I, Satyagraha AW. Noninferiority of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency diagnosis by a point of care rapid test vs the laboratory fluorescent spot test demonstrated by copper inhibition in normal human red blood cells. Transl Res. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.09.009.
  • Tinley KE, Loughlin AM, Jepson A, Barnett ED. Evaluation of a rapid qualitative enzyme chromatographic test for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82:210–4.
  • Osorio L, Carter N, Arthur P, Bancone G, Gopalan S, Gupta SK, et al. Performance of BinaxNow G6PD deficiency point-of-care diagnostic in P. vivax infected subjects. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:22–27.
  • Price RN, Nosten F. Single dose radical cure of Plasmodium vivax: a step closer. Lancet. 2014;383:1020–1.
  • Anderson F, Douglas NM, Bustos D, Galappaththy G, Qi G, Hsiang MS, et al. Trends in research in 11 Asian Pacific countries: an analysis of peer-reviewed publications over two decades. Malaria J. 2011;10:131.