MetLife and its corporate allies: dust diseases and the manipulation of science

References

• Merewether ERA. A Memorandum on Asbestosis. Tubercle, December 1933. p. 109–18.
   Google Scholar
• Hirth A. The Problem. Speech at Industrial Hygiene Foundation Conference; 1935.
   Google Scholar
• Rosner D, Markowitz G. Deadly dust: silicosis and the politics of occupational disease in twentieth-century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Rosner D, Markowitz G. Workers, industry, and the control of information: silicosis and the industrial hygiene foundation. J Public Health Policy 1995;16(1):29–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleman BI, Ziem GE. Corporate influence on threshold limit values. Am J Ind Med. 1988;13(5):531–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleman BI, Ziem GE. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: low threshold of credibility. Am J Ind Med. 1994;26(1):133–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleman B. How threshold limits for lead were established in the 1950s. Am J Ind Med. 1997;32(6):702–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castleman BI. Asbestos: medical and legal aspects. 5th ed. Austin (TX)/Boston (CA)/Chicago (IL)/New York: Aspen Publishers; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch J, Tweedale G. Defending the indefensible: the global asbestos industry and its fight for survival. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Michaels D. Doubt is their product: how industry’s assault on science threatens your health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Ardolino EL, Howe S, Bird T. Deconstructing a state-of-the-art review of the asbestos brake industry. New Solut. 2012;21(4):26.
   Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Bagley S, Connolly S. Anything but beryllium: the beryllium industry’s corruption of safety information. Am J Ind Med. 2002;42(3):270–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Fehnel C, Bohme SR. Exposing the ‘myth’ of ABC, ‘anything but chrysotile’: a critique of the Canadian asbestos mining industry and McGill University chrysotile studies. Am J Ind Med. 2003;44(5):540–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Hardy H. Manipulation of early animal research on asbestos cancer. Am J Ind Med. 1993;24:787–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Howe S. Against anti-health epidemiology: corporate obstruction of public health via manipulation of epidemiology. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2007;13(1):118–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Kim J, Biklen M. Proving causation: the use and abuse of medical and scientific evidence inside the courtroom — an epidemiologist’s critique of the judicial interpretation of the Daubert ruling. Food Drug Law J. 2003;58(2):223–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scout ED. Corporate corruption of science — the case of chromium(VI). Int J Occup Environ Health. 2006;12(2):169–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman D, et al.., Manipulated data in Shell’s Benzene Historical Exposure Study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2007;13(2):222–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman DS, Bagley S, Biklen M, Golub AS, Bohme SR. The beryllium ‘double standard’ standard. Int J Health Serv. 2003;33(4):769–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz GE, Rosner D. Deceit and denial: the deadly politics of industrial pollution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Ong E, Glantz S. Constructing ‘sound science’ and ‘good epidemiology’: tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1749–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasanoff S. Science at the bar: law, science, and technology in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2005. xvii, 285 p.
   Google Scholar
• Proctor R. Golden holocaust: origins of the cigarette catastrophe and the case for abolition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman FL. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). Washington: Bureau of Labor Statistics; 1918.
   Google Scholar
• Wright W. December 30 1926 Letter to HR Bassford; 1926.
   Google Scholar
• Hitchins RA. Report and recommendation of the temporary organization committee which was elected at the ‘Symposium on Dust Problems’ held at Pittsburgh, PA, 15 January 1935.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife Group insurance: its aims and its privileges. 1926.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. MetLife Begins [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2011 May 17]. Available from: https://www.metlife.com/about/corporate-profile/metlife-history/metlife-begins/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Dublin LI. A family of thirty million: the story of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. New York: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; 1943.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. Supporting Country and Community [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2011 May 17]. Available from: https://www.metlife.com/about/corporate-profile/metlife-history/supporting-country-and-community/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Wright W. Letter to A.J. Lanza, 29 September 1926.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: its history, its present position in the insurance world, its home office building and its work carried on therein. New York: The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; 1914.
   Google Scholar
• James M. The Metropolitan Life, a study in business growth. New York: The Viking Press; 1947.
   Google Scholar
• Hueper WC. Occupational tumors and allied diseases. Springfield (IL)/Baltimore, MD: C. C. Thomas; 1942.
   Google Scholar
• Richards R. Closing the door to destitution: the shaping of the social security acts of the United States and New Zealand. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins F. ‘What you really want is an autopsy’: Frances Perkins and the U.S. Government Conference in Joplin, Missouri. Tri-State Silicosis Conference, Joplin, Missouri, 1940.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing H. Labor Secretary receives silicosis report. Washington, DC: Library of Congress; 1937.
   Google Scholar
• Rosner D, Markowitz G. ‘The street of walking death’: silicosis, health, and labor in the Tri-State Region, 1900–1950. J Am Hist. 1990;77(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris & Ewing, Inc. Labor Secretary receives silicosis report [Internet]. 1937 [cited 2012 Jun 11]. Available from: http://www.ancientfaces.com/research/photo/1129619/labor-secretary-receives-silicosis-report-washington
   Google Scholar
• Plooy v. MetLife, Order RE MetLife’s Motion For Judgement and [Proposed] Statement of Decision (No. RG 07329961). CA Superior Court, Alameda County, 21 March 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wiliams S. Waukegan Memo to A.R. Fisher; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Sayers R. Payroll for Miller et al, to A.J. Lanza; 1934.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen G. The history of miners’ diseases, a medical and social interpretation. New York: Schuman’s; 1943.
   Google Scholar
• International Labor Office. Silicosis Records of the International Conference Held at Johannesburg; 1930.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. Miner’s Phthisis on the Witwatersrand, Transvaal., U.S. Department of Labor; 1917.
   Google Scholar
• Rice GS. Historical review of silicosis, in Siliceous dust in relation to pulmonary disease among miners in the Joplin district, Missouri, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1917.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins E. and e. al. Silicieous dust in relation to pulmonary disease among miners in the Joplin district, Missouri; 1917.
   Google Scholar
• Kansas Geological Society. Lead and Zinc Mining [Internet]. 2005 May 5 [cited 2011 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/ozark/mining.html
   Google Scholar
• Reporter. Silicosis Problem in State at ‘Crisis’, New York Times, 15 April 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Reporter. Silicosis Deaths Assailed in House, New York Times, 8 February 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Reporter. Doctor Heard in Tunnel Case. Beckley Post-Herald, 13 April 1933: Beckley, West Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Cherniack M. The Hawk’s nest incident: America’s worst industrial disaster. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. Confidential Memo of August 1; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Standard for exposure to asbestos dust: hearing before A.M. Goldberg. US Department of Labor (14–17 March 1972).
   Google Scholar
• Allen B. Two Thousand Dying on a Job, The New Masses, 8 January 1935.
   Google Scholar
• Albert M. Man on a Road, The New Masses, 8 January 1935.
   Google Scholar
• Brown V. Re: Air Hygiene Foundation of America — Membership Meeting of Nov. 24th, Letter to C.J. Stover; 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Bassford HR. September 28 1929 Letter to Dunlap; 1929.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. SUBJECT: Visit to the Picher Clinic, Picher, Oklahoma. Letter to Hadden; 1929.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ, McConnell W, Fehnel J. The effects of the inhalation of asbestos dust on the lungs of asbestos workers. US Public Health Service Reports, 1935. 50(1).
   Google Scholar
• Buell DC. (Metropolitan Life Actuarial Division, Group Life and Health Section), memorandum to Dr. McConnell, 22 Aug 1939.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. Helping and Healing People [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2011 May 2]. Available from: http://www.metlife.com/about/corporate-profile/metlife-history/helping-healing-people/index.html
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. Metropolitan’s Popularity Means Larger ‘Employee Membership in Your Group Insurance Policy [Internet]. 1938. Available from: http://egilman.com/Documents/Asbestos/metlife/met%20life%20popularity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. Industrial hygiene. New York: Policy-Holders Service Bureau; 1942.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. Industrial hygiene and safety. New York: Welfare Division, Home Office; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Dublin LI, Leiboff P. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: a guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Labor. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office; 1942.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. SUBJECT: A co-operation with the Bureau of Mines on Health Activities in the Joplin District, December 17 1926, Letter to W. Wright, 1926.
   Google Scholar
• MetLife. Draft of MetLife Magazine article ‘Company Works to Control ‘Miners Con’ in Joplin Zinc Mines’, 1927.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. October 30, 1936 Letter to Mitchell, 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Turner S. Report of Dust Investigation of the Eagle-Picher Rock Wool Plant at Joplin Missouri March 21, 1932. To: Meriwether, F.V., 1932.
   Google Scholar
• Meriwether F. SUBJECT: Informal monthly letter to R. Sayers, Washington, DC; 1930.
   Google Scholar
• Meriwether FV. Letter to A.J. Lanza; 1930.
   Google Scholar
• Meriwether FV. SUBJECT: Informal monthly letter. Letter to R. Sayers; 1931.
   Google Scholar
• Winans W. Subject: Silicosis. Letter to A.J. Lanza; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Hayhurst ER. May 17, 1933 Letter to A.J. Lanza; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. July 18, 1933 Letter to L. Gardner; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. June 27, 1934 Letter to P.Folger; 1934.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza A. January 26, 1933 Letter to D. Cummings, 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Unknown. List of Persons Available as Witnesses on the Medical End of the Silicosis Cases [Internet], 5 May 1933. Available from: http://egilman.com/Documents/Asbestos/metlife/usgyp_consultants_%282%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Frey HW. RE: General Railway Signal Company. Letter to A.J. Lanza, 1934.
   Google Scholar
• Hatch TF, Pendergrass EF. The Konocide Club (1932–1940). JOM. 1977;19(5):351–63.
   Google Scholar
• Drinker P. March 9, 1933 Re: Union Carbide Tunnel in West Virginia. Letter to R. Sayers, Lanza and Pancoast; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. March 10, 1933 Letter to P. Drinker; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Index of Pneumoconiosis Cases. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Vorwald Archives.
   Google Scholar
• Dupruis J. The Dark Side of White Gold [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2011 Jun 30]. Available from: http://www.radio-canada.ca/emissions/enquete/2011-2012/Reportage.asp?idDoc = 195159
   Google Scholar
• Gardner L. Pathology of so-called acute silicosis. Am J Public Health. 1933;23(12):1240–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pancoast HK, Pendergrass EP. The roentgenological aspects of pneumoconiosis and the medico-legal importance. J Ind Hyg. 1933;XV(3):127.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. April 11, 1933 Letter to D.E. Cummings; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Weller C. The McCarran-Ferguson Act’s antitrust exemption for insurance: language, history, and policy. Duke Law J. 1978;22:587–643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. September 12, 1927 Letter to R. Mier; 1927.
   Google Scholar
• Cole LG, Cole WG. Pneumoconiosis (silicosis): the story of dusty lungs. New York: John B. Pierce Foundation; 1940.
   Google Scholar
• Vorwald Collection. Saranac Laboratory Notes, in Otis Historical Archives, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology 1900–1980: Bethesda, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. December 14, 1948 letter to A. Vorwald; 1948.
   Google Scholar
• Pedley FG. Report of the Physical Examinations and X-Ray Examinations of Asbestos Workers in Asbestos and Thetford Mines, Quebec. To: A.J. Lanza; 1930.
   Google Scholar
• Pedley FG. October 11, 1932 letter to N.L. Burnette of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine. Montreal: McGill University; 1932.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza A, Vane R. Industrial dusts and the mortality from pulmonary disease. Am Rev Tuberc., 1939;39:419.
   Google Scholar
• Pedley F.G. Asbestosis. Canad. Publ. Health J. 22:576–577 (1930).
   Google Scholar
• Unknown. Mellon Institute [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2012 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.chem.cmu.edu/cma/mi.html
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. February 27, 1935 letter to Armstrong; 1935.
   Google Scholar
• Markowitz G, Rosner D. The limits of thresholds: silica and the politics of science, 1935 to 1990. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(2):253–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown V. Re: Mellon Institute of Industrial Research Symposium on Dust Problems, January 22, 1935. Letter to M.F. Judd; 1935.
   Google Scholar
• Guyton GP. A brief history of workers’ compensation. Iowa Orthop J. 1999;19:106–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fishback PV, Kantor SE. The adoption of workers’ compensation in the United States, 1900–1930. J Law Econ. 1998;41(2):305–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Columbia Law Review Association I., Workmen’s compensation for dust disease. Columbia Law Rev. 1936;36(7):1142–55.
   Google Scholar
• Sagar CL. Memo from Meeting at office of Johns-Manville on 15 July 1931; 1931.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. The insurance carrier. In: Kuechle BE, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth Saranac Laboartory Symposium of Silicosis. Wausau (WI): Employers’ Mutual Liability Insurance Co.; 1939. p. 316–319.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. March 16, 1933 letter to R.H. Pass; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Pennsylvania Occupational Disease Act, Laws of Pennsylvania, Session of 1939, in No. 284, Article III. p. 570–1.
   Google Scholar
• Waters TC. Occupational disease and compensation. Arch Environ Health. 1961;3:255–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters TC. Workmen’s compensation laws. Fundamental philosophy and evolution. Arch Environ Health. 1962;5:510–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters TC. Administration of laws for the prevention and control of occupational diseases. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1939;29(7):728–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stokinger HE. Toxicologic aspects of occupational hazards. Annu Rev Med. 1956;7:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• State of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Workers’ Compensation Act, in Act of 1915, P.L. 736, No.338, as amended, Title 77 of Purdon’s Statutes, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wood WB. Pulmonary asbestosis, a review of one hundred cases. Lancet. 1934;224(5808):1383–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. Silicosis and asbestosis. London/New York: Oxford University Press; 1938.
   Google Scholar
• Pendergrass EP, Bristol LJ, Felson B, Jacobson G. Historical perspectives of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in the United States. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1972;29(200):835–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. July 9, 1931 Letter to Allan Wardwell; 1931.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ. Letter to D.E. Cummings; 1933.
   Google Scholar
• Johns-Manville. Physical Examinations at Manville Factory. Manville (NJ); 1932.
   Google Scholar
• Hobart G. December 15, 1934 letter to V. Brown; 1934.
   Google Scholar
• Brown V. December 21, 1934 letter to Lanza; 1934.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza AJ, McConnell W, Fehnel J. The effects of the inhalation of asbestos dust on the lungs of asbestos workers. U.S. Public Health Serv Rep. 1935;50(1).
   Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Reinert A. The origin and development of the asbestos Threshold Limit Value: scientific indifference and corporate influence. Int J Health Serv. 1995;25(4):667–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark WI, Drinker P. Industrial medicine. New York: National Medical Book Company; 1935.
   Google Scholar
• Baird VC. Report to the API Medical Advisory Committee by the Subcommittee on Permissible Concentrations; 1947.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman S, Radcliff T. Personal Communication with D. Egilman, 30 June 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Weidlein ER. February 2, 1935 Letter with Attachments dated from January 21, 1935 to R.A. Hitchins; 1935.
   Google Scholar
• United States Public Health Service. A study of asbestosis in the asbestos textile industry. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1938.
   Google Scholar
• Hemeon WCL. Report of preliminary dust investigation for Asbestos Textile Institute. Pittsburg, PA: Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America; 1947.
   Google Scholar
• ACGIH. Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the ACGIH. Cincinnati; 1962.
   Google Scholar
• ACGIH. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the ACGIH. Cincinnati; 1946.
   Google Scholar
• Cook WA. Introduction to ‘Symposium on Threshold Limits’. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1956;17(3).
   Google Scholar
• Stokinger HE. Standards for safeguarding the health of the industrial worker. Public Health Rep. 1955;70:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokinger HE. Prepared discussion. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q. 1956. 17:284–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner WD. Herbert E. Stokinger, ‘Mr. TLV’. Toxicol Sci. 2001;61(1):4–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokinger HE. October 13, 1976 Letter to Johns-Manville Company’s Paul Kotin. ACGIH; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Smith W.A. Proof of Death Statment of the Employer and Attending Physician, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Charleston, SC; 1934.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch K, Smith WA. Pulmonary asbestosis III: carcinoma of lung in asbestos silicosis. Am J. Cancer. 1935;24:56–64.
   Google Scholar
• Brown V. November 20, 1936 Letter to L. Gardner; 1936.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner L. Outline of Proposed Monograph on Asbestos. Saranac Laboratory Study under grant from Asbestos Association. Saranac, NY; 1943.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner L. February 24, 1943 Letter to V. Brown; 1943.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, March 15, 1943 Letter to Ludwig Hektoen of the Committee on Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute; 1943.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner L. September 29, 1943 Letter to Ludwig Hektoen of the Committe on Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute; 1943.
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. Proceedings: twenty-fourth meeting, National Advisory Cancer Council, National Cancer Institute; 1944. p. 26–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner L. Letter to J.P. Woodward; 1946.
   Google Scholar
• Brown GT. October 28, 1946 Letter to Vandiver Brown of Johns-Manville; 1946.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch K. June 30, 1947 Letter to A.J. Lanza; 1947.
   Google Scholar
• Vorwald A. Asbestosis ‘Revised’. Saranac Lake, NY: The Saranac Laboratory; 1949.
   Google Scholar
• Vorwald A, Durkan T, Pratt P. Experimental studies of asbestosis. Am Med Assoc Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. 1951;3(1):1–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar