Notes
- See, for example, Bahman Zarrinjooee, Travel, Robert Byron and the Metamorphosis of Self, Diss. Freie Universität Berlin (Berlin, 2006), 23.
- Joseph Campbell cited in Paul Fussell, Abroad. British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 208.
- See Fussell 202; and Jonathan Raban, For Love and Money. Writing, Reading, Travelling 1969–1987 (London: Collins Harvill, 1987), 139.
- Paul Fussell’s Abroad is a seminal study of travel literature from the interwar era.
- One exception is Remapping Cultural History. Cultural Encounters. European Travel Writing in the 1930s, ed. Charles Burdett, and Derek Duncan (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002). Of the twelve chapters in this book only one deals with a German writer, Gustav René Hocke. Two German anthologies are Der Reisebericht. Die Entwicklung einer Gattung in der deutschen Literatur, ed. Peter J. Brenner (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1987); and Peter J. Brenner, Reisekultur in Deutschland: Von der Weimarer Republik zum ‘Dritten Reich’ (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1997).
- For a more comprehensive discussion of these reports see Margaret Sutherland, One Artist on Five Continents. The Life of Elisabet Delbrück (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011). Apart from their interest as German travel literature, the ‘Reports from Africa’ contain insights into Delbrück’s interaction with the indigenous people, her ability to capture landscapes and images of people’s attire in verbal form, and examples of intertextuality.
- See Friedrich Bettelhäuser’s obituary in the Biebricher Tagespost. Biebricher Tagblatt, 19 February 1912.
- Ann Beaglehole with Alison Carew, Eastbourne. A History of the Eastern Bays of Wellington Harbour (Eastbourne: Eastbourne Historical Society, 2001), 207.
- Interview with Delbrück in the Barrier Miner, 13 March 1939.
- Archiv des Vereins der Berliner Künstlerinnen 1867 e.V., Berlin, BG-VdBK 1247-32, Satzung 1913, paragraph 3.
- Delbrück mentions the sale of her pictures in a letter to Hans Delbrück of September 1919: Nachlaß Hans Delbrück, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Potsdamer Straße).
- Delbrück’s trips were as follows: 1923 to 1928 to Asia and the Pacific; December 1928 to 1929 to the Dutch East Indies; 1930 to 1933 to South and Central America; 1934 to 1937 to Africa; and 1938 to 1939 to India, Australia, and New Zealand.
- Elisabet Delbrück, ‘Bali through an Artist’s Eyes,’ Inter Ocean 8 (1927): 414–16. Inter Ocean was a Dutch East Indian journal. It is reasonable to assume Delbrück wrote other articles in this vein during her travels.
- In Windhoek, Southwest Africa, for example, Delbrück delivered lectures entitled ‘The Development of European Art over the last One Hundred Years (from Naturalism to Expressionism)’ and ‘The Old Gods and More Recent Cultures on Sumatra, Java and Bali’ (‘Die alten Götter und die jüngeren Kulturen auf Sumatra, Java und Bali’). Allgemeine Zeitung, No. 225, 19 November 1934.
- The names used here are those by which these countries were known at the time of Delbrück’s travel.
- Elisabet Delbrück, ‘Afrika-Berichte,’ Achtundzwanzigster Bericht, 7f. This and all subsequent translations from the original are mine.
- Elisabet Delbrück, ‘Afrika-Berichte,’ Delbrück-Archiv, Magdeburg, ZDe67-001.
- Thomas Mann, Mario und der Zauberer Ein tragisches Reiseerlebnis (Berlin: S. Fischer, 1930).
- Barbara Korte comments on fictionality in travel writing in English Travel Writing from Pilgrimages to Postcolonial Explorations, trans. Catherine Matthias (New York: MacMillan, 2000), 10.
- Nicholas Murray describes Chatwin’s ‘fictionalising of experience’ as one of his themes. See Nicholas Murray, Bruce Chatwin (Broughton Gifford: Cromwell P, 1993), 45.
- Examples of German fictional works about Africa are Frieda von Bülow, Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Novellen (Berlin: Fontane, 1892); and Hans Grimm, Volk ohne Raum (Munich: Albert Langen, 1926).
- The Norton Book of Travel, ed. Paul Fussell (New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company, 1987), 15.
- ‘“Home” is an especially important reference point for imperial travelers, both in terms of the journey’s teleology and the imagined audience for whom it is recorded’; cited in: In Transit. Travel, Text, Empire, ed. Gilbert, Helen, and Anna Johnston (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002), 6.
- Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, ‘Selbstzeugnisse reisender Frauen in Afrika,’ in Frauen in den deutschen Kolonien, ed. Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne, and Mechthild Leutner (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2009), 50–56.
- Sophie von Uhde, Deutsche unterm Kreuz des Südens (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer/Ernst Vohsen, 1934). This does not take into consideration the many accounts of people’s lives on African farms that were written from the perspective of settlers and therefore fall into a different category.
- Gann L.H., Duignan Peter, The Rulers of German Africa. 1884–1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), 45.
- Lora Wildenthal, ‘“She is the Victor:” Bourgeois Women, Nationalist Identities and the Ideal of the Independent Woman Farmer in German Southwest Africa,’ Social Analysis 33 (September 1993): 68.
- See, for example, Neil Peart, Ghost Rider. Travels on the Healing Road (Toronto: ECW Press, 2002), 42.
- In his introduction to The Norton Book of Travel, 14–16, Paul Fussell cites Paul Theroux and Jonathan Raban in this regard. See also Carmen Andras, ‘The Poetics and Politics of Travel: An Overview,’ Philologica Jassyensia II.2 (2006): 160–61.
- Albert Schweitzer, Zwischen Wasser und Urwald Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Arztes im Urwalde Äquatorialafrikas (Bern: Paul Haupt, 1921).
- John Mukum Mbaku, Culture and Customs of Cameroon (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 28, expands more fully on this event.
- Carsten von Nahmen, Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia. Vom Windhoeker Anzeiger zum Deutschen Hörfunkprogramm der Namibian Broadcasting Corporation. Geschichte, Bedeutung und Funktion der deutschsprachigen Medien in Namibia 1898–1998 (Windhoek: Namibia Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, 2001), 37. Von Nahmen identifies miners, diamond hunters, business people, workers, artisans, and farmers, with the latter describing themselves as the backbone of the colony and some espousing a ‘Blood and Soil ideology’ (Blut und Boden) that had emerged in Imperial Germany.
- Heinrich Schnee, Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon (1920), Band I, 662 <http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.phb?suchname = Frauenbund_der_Deutschen_Kolonialgesellschaft> [accessed 10 August 2011].
- Lora Wildenthal points out that ‘[t]he Women’s League and the Women’s Red Cross Association argued that the best way to overcome the decolonisation imposed by the Entente was a gradual, informal retaking of the former colonies, household by household, community by community.’ See Lora Wildenthal, German Women for Empire, 1884–1945 (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001), 175f.
- Anette Dietrich, ‘Rassenkonstruktionen im deutschen Kolonialismus. “Weiße Weiblichkeit” in der kolonialen Rassenpolitik,’ in Frauen in den deutschen Kolonien, ed. Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, and Mechthild Leutner (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2009), 186.
- Delbrück’s pro-German comments in a copy of her ‘Reports from Africa’ which she brought with her to New Zealand came to the attention of the New Zealand authorities who put her under close scrutiny during the war years.
- Gide dedicated Voyage au Congo to Joseph Conrad whose novella, Heart of Darkness, he greatly admired. Like Gide’s Voyage, Delbrück’s work is a cross between a travelogue and a diary and both she and Gide undertook their African trips in middle age. (See Marja Warehime, ‘Exploring Connections and Rediscovering Difference: Gide au Congo,’ The French Review 68·3 [February 1995]: 45).
- Norman Douglas, ‘Arabia Deserta,’ Experiments (London: Chapman and Hall, 1926), 11.