MAKING AND USING STONE TOOLS: ADVICE FOR LEARNERS AND TEACHERS AND INSIGHTS FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS

References

• Binford, L. R. 1979 Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35:255–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordes, F. 1961 Typologie du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Delmas, Bordeaux.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, S., and K. J. Weedman 1997 The Ethnoarchaeology of Hide Working and Flaked Stone Tool Use in Southern Ethiopia. In Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the 12th International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, edited by K. Fukui, E. Kuimoto and M. Shigeta, pp. 351–361. Shokado Book Sellers, Kyoto.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. S., C. W. Marean, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, D. Braun, D. L. Roberts, M. C. Meyer, and J. Bernatchez 2009 Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans. Science 325:859–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan, E. 1996 The Basics of Biface Knapping in the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition: A Manual for Flintknappers and Lithic Analysts. Piltdown Productions, Flint Ridge, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, J. E., and W. J. Parry 1990 Craft Specialization and Cultural Complexity. In Research in Economic Anthropology, vol. 12, edited by B. L. Issac, pp. 289–346. Freenwich, Connecticut.
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, D. E., and E. L. Davis 1968 Experimental Manufacture of Wooden Implements with Tools of Flaked Stone. Science 159:426–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree, D. R., and R. Butler 1964 Notes on Experiments in Flint Knapping: Heat Treatment of Silica Minerals. Tebiwa 7:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Debénath, A., and H. L. Dibble 1994 Handbook of Paleolithic Typology, Vol. 1: Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Dibble, H. L. 1995 Middle Paleolithic Scraper Reduction: Background, Clarification, and Review of the Evidence to Date. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2:299–368.
   Google Scholar
• Domanski, M., and J. Webb 2007 A Review of Heat Treatment Research. Lithic Technology 32:153–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I. 2009 Experimental Archaeology as a Pillar of Archaeological Education. Nikolay 107:25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., B. Buchanan, and M. J. O'Brien 2015 Social Learning and Technological Evolution During the Clovis Colonization of the New World. Journal of Human Evolution 80:159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., M. Kollecker, C. Clarkson, and B. Bradley 2010 Dynamic Approaches to Teaching Lithic Technology: Using YouTube in the Classroom. Ethnoarchaeology 2:223–234.
   Google Scholar
• Flenniken, J. J. 1978 Reevaluation of the Lindenmeier Folsom: A Replication Experiment in Lithic Technology. American Antiquity 43:473–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flenniken, J. J. 1984 The Past, Present, and Future of Flintknapping. Annual Review of Anthropology 13:187–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison, G. C. 1978 Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Geneste, J.-M. 1988 Systèmes d'approvisionnement en matières premières au Paléolithique moyen et supérieur en Aquitaine. In L'Homme de Néandertal: Vol. 8 La Mutation, edited by M. Otte, pp. 61–70. Université de Liége, Liége.
   Google Scholar
• Holdaway, S., and M. Douglas 2012 A Twenty-First Century Archaeology of Stone Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 19:101–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac, B. 1987 Throwing and Human Evolution. The African Archaeological Review 5:3–17.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. L. 1978 A History of Flint-Knapping Experimentation, 1838–1976. Current Anthropology 19:337–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P. R. 1980 Experimental Butchery with Modern Stone Tools and its Relevance for Palaeolithic Archaeology. World Archaeology 12:153–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P. R. 1981 Experimental Implement Manufacture and Use: A Case Study from Olduvai Gorge. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 292:189–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley, L. H. 1982 Hafting and Retooling: Effects on the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 47:798–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, S., and R. G. Elston 2002 Introduction: Thinking Small Globally. In Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization, edited by R. G. Elston and S. L. Kuhn, pp. 1–8. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC (Archaeological Paper No. 12).
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, S. L. 1993 Mousterian Technology as Adaptive Response: A Case Study. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G. L. Peterkin, H. Bricker and P. A. Mellars, pp. 25–48. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC (Archaeological Paper No. 4).
   Google Scholar
• Leakey, L. S. B. 1960 Adam’s Ancestors. 4th ed. Harper and Row, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Lundin, C. 2003 98.6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive. Gibbs Smith, Salt Lake City, UT.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, G. 2012 Ethnoarchaeology and the Organization of Lithic Technology. Journal of Archaeological Research 20:157–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall, I., F. H. Brown, and J. G. Fleagle 2005 Stratigraphic Placement and Age of Modern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433:733–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell, G. H. 1981 The Morphological Express at Function Junction: Searching for Meaning in Lithic Tool Types. Journal of Anthropological Research 37:319–342.
   Google Scholar
• Odell, G. H. 2001 Stone Tool Research at the End of the Millennium: Classification, Function, and Behavior. Journal of Archaeological Research 9:45–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell, G. H., and F. Cowan 1986 Experiments with Spears and Arrows on Animal Targets. Journal of Field Archaeology 13:194–212.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, W. A., and R. L. Kelly 1987 Expedient Core Technology and Sedentism. In The Organization of Core Technology, edited by J. K. Johnson and C. A. Morrow, pp. 285–304. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Roach, M. 2011 Packing for Mars: The Curious Science of Life in the Void. W. W. Norton, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Saraydar, S., and I. Shimada 1971 A Quantitative Comparison of Efficiency between a Stone Axe and a Steel Axe. American Antiquity 36:216–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, K. D., and N. P. Toth 1993 Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology. Simon and Schuster, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 2006a Child's Play: Reflections on the Invisibility of Children in the Paleolithic Record. Evolutionary Anthropology 15:212–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 2006b The Origins of Lithic Projectile Point Technology: Evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:823–846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 2010 Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal. In Out of Africa 1: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia, edited by J. G. Fleagle, J. J. Shea, F. E. Grine, A. L. Baden and R. Leakey, pp. 47–64. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 2011 Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was: Behavioral Variability vs. “Behavioral Modernity” in Paleolithic Archaeology. Current Anthropology 52:1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. 2013 Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic of the Near East: A Guide. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J. J. n.d. Stone Tools in Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Shreeve, J. 1995 The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. William Morrow and Company, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasello, M. 1999 The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Tostevin, G. B. 2012 Seeing Lithics: A Middle-Range Theory for Testing for Cultural Transmission in the Pleistocene. American School of Prehistoric Research Publications (Peabody Museum, Harvard University). Oxbow, Oakville, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. C. 2004 American Flintknappers: Stone Age Art in the Age of Computers. University of Texas Press, Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. C., and M. Stafford 1999 Replicas, Fakes and Art: The Twentieth-Century Stone Age and its Effects on Archaeology. American Antiquity 64:203–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynn, T. 1995 Handaxe enigmas. World Archaeology 27:10–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar

• Cotterell, B., and J. Kamminga 1987 The Formation of Flakes. American Antiquity 52:675–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotterell, B., and J. Kamminga 1990 Mechanics of Pre-Industrial Technology. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar

• Callahan, E. 1979 The Basics of Biface Knapping in the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition. Archaeology of Eastern North America 7:1–180.
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, D. 1972 An Introduction to Flintworking. Idaho State Museum, Pocatello, Idaho (Occasional Paper No. 28).
   Google Scholar
• Patten, B. 2009 Old Tools–New Eyes: A Primal Primer of Flintknapping. 2nd ed. Stone Dagger Publications, Denver, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Waldorf, D. C., and V. Waldorf 2006 The Art of Flint Knapping. 5th ed. Mound Builder Books, Branson, MO.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. C. 1994 Flintknapping: Making and Understanding Stone Tools. University of Texas Press, Austin.
   Google Scholar

• Bradley, B. 1989 Flintknapping with Bruce Bradley, Ph.D. INTERpark, Cortez, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Madsen, B. 2003. The Cutting Edge: A Million Years of Stone Technology. Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
   Google Scholar

• Metin Eren's Youtube.com channel (www.youtube.com/user/MetinIEren)
   Google Scholar
• Neo-Lithics (www.neo-lithics.com). Also a reliable source of knapping supplies, books, videos.
   Google Scholar

• Brandt, S., and K. J. Weedman 1997 The Ethnoarchaeology of Hide Working and Flaked Stone Tool Use in Southern Ethiopia. In Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the 12th International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, edited by K. Fukui, E. Kuimoto, and M. Shigeta, pp. 351–361. Shokado Book Sellers, Kyoto.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, R. A. 1980 Living Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, B. 1979 Palaeolithic Reflections: Lithic Technology and Ethnographic Excavations Among Australian Aborigines. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, B., and M. W. Nelson 1981 The Use of Chipped Lithic Material in the Contemporary Maya Highlands. American Antiquity 46:885–898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaway, S., and M. Douglas 2012 A Twenty-First Century Archaeology of Stone Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 19:101–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weedman, K. 2006 An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Hafting and Stone Tool Diversity Among the Gamo of Ethiopia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 13:188–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J. C. 2004 American Flintknappers: Stone Age Art in the Age of Computers. University of Texas Press, Austin.
   Google Scholar

• Brandt, S., K. Weedman, T. Belkin, and J. Shipley 2006 Woman the Toolmaker: Hideworking and Stone Tool Use in Konso, Ethiopia. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Callahan, E. 1987 Primitive Technology: Practical Guidelines for Making Stone Tools, Pottery, Basketry, etc. The Aboriginal Way. Piltdown Productions, Lynchburg, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, S. N. 2004 Practicing Primitive: A Handbook of Aboriginal Skills. Gibbs-Smith, Salt Lake City, UT.
   Google Scholar
• Westcott, D. (editor) 1999 Primitive Technology: A Book of Earth Skills. Gibbs-Smith, Salt Lake City, UT.
   Google Scholar
• Westcott, D. (editor) 2001 Primitive Technology II: Ancestral Skills. Gibbs-Smith, Salt Lake City, UT.
   Google Scholar
• Bulletin of Primitive Technology. Backtracks, LLC Primitive Skills, Rexburg, ID. (www.backtracks.com).
   Google Scholar

• Aboriginal Living Skills School (www.codylundin.com).
   Google Scholar
• Boulder Outdoor Survival School (www.boss-inc.com).
   Google Scholar
• Jack Cresson's Primitive Industries (www.freewebs.com/archaeomanswife/).
   Google Scholar
• John Lord's Flintknapping.co.uk (www.flintknapping.co.uk).
   Google Scholar
• Tomas J. Epel's World Wide Web Portal (www.hollowtop.com).
   Google Scholar