Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation

References

• Abbott, C. C. 1877. “On the discovery of supposed paleolithic implements from the glacial drift in the valley of the Delaware River, Near Trenton, New Jersey.” Annual Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 10: 30–43.
   Google Scholar
• Achilli, A., U. A. Perego, C. M. Bravi, M. D. Coble, Q.-P. Kong, S. R. Woodward, A. Salas, A. Torroni, and H.-J. Bandelt. 2008. “The phylogeny of the four pan-American mtDNA haplogroups: Implications for evolutionary and disease studies.” PLoS One 3(3): e1764.
   Google Scholar
• Achilli, A., U. A. Perego, H. Lancioni, A. Olivieri, F. Gandini, B. H. Kashani, V. Battaglia, V. Grugni, N. Angerhofer, M. P. Rogers, R. J. Herrera, S. R. Woodward, D. Labuda, D. G. Smith, J. S. Cybulski, O. Semino, R. S. Malhi, and A. Torroni. 2013. “Reconciling migration models to the Americas with the variation of North American native mitogenomes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences USA 110: 14308–14313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allentoft, M. E., M. Sikora, K. G. Sjögren, S. Rasmussen, M. Rasmussen, J. Stenderup, P. B. Damgaard, H. Schroeder, T. Ahlström, L. Vinner, A. S. Malaspinas, A. Margaryan, T. Higham, D. Chivall, N. Lynnerup, L. Harvig, J. Baron, P. Della Casa, P. Dąbrowski, P. R. Duffy, A. V. Ebel, A. Epimakhov, K. Frei, M. Furmanek, T. Gralak, A. Gromov, S. Gronkiewicz, G. Grupe, T. Hajdu, R. Jarysz, V. Khartanovich, A. Khokhlov, V. Kiss, J. Kolář, A. Kriiska, I. Lasak, C. Longhi, G. McGlynn, A. Merkevicius, I. Merkyte, M. Metspalu, R. Mkrtchyan, V. Moiseyev, L. Paja, G. Pálfi, D. Pokutta, Ł. Pospieszny, T. D. Price, L. Saag, M. Sablin, N. Shishlina, V. Smrčka, V. I. Soenov, V. Szeverényi, G. Tóth, S. V. Trifanova, L. Varul, M. Vicze, L. Yepiskoposyan, V. Zhitenev, L. Orlando, T. Sicheritz-Pontén, S. Brunak, R. Nielsen, K. Kristiansen, and E. Willerslev. 2015. “Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia.” Nature 522: 167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolnick, D. A., D. I. Bolnick, and D. G. Smith. 2006. “Asymmetric male and female genetic histories among native Americans from eastern North America.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 2161–2174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolnick, D. A., and D. G. Smith. 2007. “Migration and social structure among the Hopewell: Evidence from ancient DNA.” American Antiquity 72: 627–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, B., and D. Stanford. 2004. “The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: A possible Palaeolithic route to the New World.” World Archaeology 36: 459–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M. D., S. H. Hosseini, A. Torroni, H.-J. Bandelt, J. C. Allen, T. G. Schurr, R. Scozzari, F. Cruciani, and D. C. Wallace. 1998. “mtDNA Haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe/Western Asia and North America?” American Journal of Human Genetics 63: 1852–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, M. H. 1998. The Origins of Native Americas: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Derenko, M. V., T. Grzybowski, B. A. Malyarchuk, J. Czarny, D. Miscicka-Sliwka, and I. A. Zakharov. 2001. “The presence of mitochondrial haplogroup X in Altaians from South Siberia.” American Journal of Human Genetics 67: 237–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillehay, T. D., C. Ramirez, M. Pino, M. B. Collins, J. Rossen, and J. D. Pino-Navarro. 2008. “Monte Verde: Seaweed, food, medicine, and the peopling of South America.” Science 320: 784–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobyns, H. F. 1983. Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., M. T. Boulanger, and M. J. O'Brien. 2015. “The Cinmar discovery and the proposed pre-Late Glacial Maximum occupation of North America.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2: 708–713.
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., R. J. Patten, M. J. O'Brien, and D. J. Meltzer. 2013. “Refuting the technological cornerstone of the Ice-Age Atlantic crossing hypothesis.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 2934–2941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagundes, N. J. R., R. Kanitz, R. Eckert, A. C. S. Valls, M. R. Bogo, F. M. Salzano, D. G. Smith, W. A. Silva, M. A. Zago, A. K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, S. E. B. Santos, M. L. Petzl-Erler, and S. L. Bonatto. 2008. “Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas.” American Journal of Human Genetics 82: 583–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, V., F. Alshamali, M. Alves, M. D. Costa, J. B. Pereira, N. M. Silva, L. Cherni, N. Harich, V. Cerny, P. Soares, M. B. Richards, and L. Pereira. 2012. “The Arabian cradle: Mitochondrial relicts of the first steps along the southern route out of Africa.” American Journal of Human Genetics 90: 347–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamba, C., E. R. Jones, M. D. Teasdale, R. L. McLaughlin, G. Gonzalez-Fortes, V. Mattiangeli, L. Domboróczki, I. Kővári, I. Pap, A. Anders, A. Whittle, J. Dani, P. Raczky, T. F. Higham, M. Hofreiter, D. G. Bradley, and R. Pinhasi. 2014. “Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory.” Nature Communications 5: 5257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenman, E. F. 1963. “The Upper Paleolithic and the New World.” Current Anthropology 4: 41–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haak, Wolfgang, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Bastien Llamas, Guido Brandt, Susanne Nordenfelt, Eadaoin Harney, Kristin Stewardson, Qiaomei Fu, Alissa Mittnik, Eszter Bánffy, Christos Economou, Michael Francken, Susanne Friederich, Rafael Garrido Pena, Fredrik Hallgren, Valery Khartanovich, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Michael Kunst, Pavel Kuznetsov, Harald Meller, Oleg Mochalov, Vayacheslav Moiseyev, Nicole Nicklisch,Sandra L. Pichler, Roberto Risch, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Christina Roth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Joachim Wahl, Matthias Meyer, Johannes Krause, Dorcas Brown, David Anthony, Alan Cooper, Kurt Werner Alt, and David Reich. 2015. “Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe.” Nature 522 (7555): 207–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helgason, A., E. Hickey, S. Goodacre, V. Bosnes, K. Stefánsson, R. Ward, and B. Sykes. 2001. “mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry.” American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 723–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibben, F. 1941. “Evidences of early occupation in Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and other sites in the Sandia-Manzano region.” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 99(23).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffecker, J. F., S. A. Elias, and D. H. O'Rourke. 2014. “Out of Beringia?” Science 343: 979–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunley, K. L., and M. E. Healy. 2011. “The impact of founder effects, gene flow, and European admixture on Native American genetic diversity.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146: 530–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashani, H. B., U. A. Perego, A. Olivieri, N. Angerhofer, F. Gandini, V. Carossa, H. Lancioni, O. Semino, S. R. Woodward, A. Achilli, and A. Torroni. 2012. “Mitochondrial haplogroup C4c: A rare lineage entering America through the ice-free corridor?” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147: 35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, B. M., and T. G. Schurr. 2010. “Ancient and modern genetic variation in the Americas.” In Human Variation in the Americas, edited by Benjamin M. Auerbach, 12–50. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 38. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kitchen, A. M., M. M. Miyamoto, and C. J. Mulligan. 2008. “A three-stage colonization model for the peopling of the Americas.” PLoS One 3(2): e1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaridis, I., N. Patterson, A. Mittnik, G. Renaud, S. Mallick, K. Kirsanow, P. H. Sudmant, J. G. Schraiber, S. Castellano, M. Lipson, B. Berger, C. Economou, R. Bollongino, Q. Fu, K. I. Bos, S. Nordenfelt, H. Li, C. de Filippo, K. Prüfer, S. Sawyer, C. Posth, W. Haak, F. Hallgren, E. Fornander, N. Rohland, D. Delsate, M. Francken, J. M. Guinet, J. Wahl, G. Ayodo, H. A. Babiker, G. Bailliet, E. Balanovska, O. Balanovsky, R. Barrantes, G. Bedoya, H. Ben-Ami, J. Bene, F. Berrada, C. M. Bravi, F. Brisighelli, G. B. Busby, F. Cali, M. Churnosov, D. E. Cole, D. Corach, L. Damba, G. van Driem, S. Dryomov, J. M. Dugoujon, S. A. Fedorova, I. Gallego, Romero, M. Gubina, M. Hammer, B. M. Henn, T. Hervig, U. Hodoglugil, A. R. Jha, S. Karachanak-Yankova, R. Khusainova, E. Khusnutdinova, R. Kittles, T. Kivisild, W. Klitz, V. Kučinskas, A. Kushniarevich, L. Laredj, S. Litvinov, T. Loukidis, R. W. Mahley, B. Melegh, E. Metspalu, J. Molina, J. Mountain, K. Näkkäläjärvi, D. Nesheva, T. Nyambo, L. Osipova, J. Parik, F. Platonov, O. Posukh, V. Romano, F. Rothhammer, I. Rudan, R. Ruizbakiev, H. Sahakyan, A. Sajantila, A. Salas, E. B. Starikovskaya, A. Tarekegn, D. Toncheva, S. Turdikulova, I. Uktveryte, O. Utevska, R. Vasquez, M. Villena, M. Voevoda, C. A. Winkler, L. Yepiskoposyan, P. Zalloua, T. Zemunik, A. Cooper, C. Capelli, M. G. Thomas, A. Ruiz-Linares, S. A. Tishkoff, L. Singh, K. Thangaraj, R. Villems, D. Comas, R. Sukernik, M. Metspalu, M. Meyer, E. E. Eichler, J. Burger, M. Slatkin, S. Pääbo, J. Kelso, D. Reich, and J. Krause. 2014. “Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans.” Nature 513: 409–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livi-Bacci, M. 2006. “The depopulation of Hispanic America after the conquest.” Population and Development Review 32: 199–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, D. B. 2015. “A framework for the initial occupation of the Americas.” PaleoAmerica 1: 217–250.
   Google Scholar
• Malhi, R. S., and D. G. Smith. 2002. “Brief communication: Haplogroup X confirmed in prehistoric North America.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118: 84–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi, R. S., Gonzalez-Oliver, A., Kemp, B. M., and Schroeder, K. B. “Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 (2008): 412–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meldrum, R. L. 2009. Rediscovering the Book of Mormon Remnant through DNA. Honeoye Falls, NY: Digital Legend Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Estrada, A., S. Gravel, F. Zakharia, J. A. McCauley, J. K. Byrnes, C. R. Givnoux, P. A. Ortiz-Tello, R. J. Martineq, D. J. Hedges, R. W. Morris, C. Eng, K. Sandoval, S. Acevedo-Acevedo, P. J. Norman, Z. Layrisse, P. Parham, J. C. Martinez-Cruzado, E. G. Burchard, M. L. Cuccaro, E. R. Martin, and C. D. Bustamante. 2013. “Reconstructing the population genetic history of the Caribbean.” PLoS Genetics 9(11): e1003925.
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan, C. J., A. Kitchen, and M. M. Miyamoto. 2008. “Updated three-stage model for the peopling of the Americas.” PLoS One 3(9): e3199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, M. J., M. T. Boulanger, M. Collard, B. Buchanan, L. Tarle, L. G. Straus, and M. I. Eren. 2014. “On thin ice: Problems with Stanford and Bradley's proposed Solutrean colonization of North America.” Antiquity 88: 606–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer, S., B. Bradley, and D. Stanford. 2014. “Solutrean hypothesis: Genetics, the mammoth in the room.” World Archaeology 46: 752–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Rourke, D. H., and J. A. Raff. 2010. “The human genetic history of the Americas: The final frontier.” Current Biology 20: R202–R207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perego, U. A., A. Achilli, N. Angerhofer, M. Accetturo, M. Pala, A. Olivieri, B. H. Kashani, K. H. Ritchie, R. Scozzari, Q.-P. Kong, N. M. Myres, A. Salas, O. Semino, H.-J. Bandelt, S. R. Woodward, and A. Torroni. 2009. “Distinctive Paleo-Indian migration routes from Beringia marked by two rare mtDNA haplogroups.” Current Biology 19: 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips, K. 2014. “Solutrean seal hunters? Modeling trans-Atlantic migration parameters fundamental to the ‘Solutrean solution’ for the peopling of the Americas.” Journal of Anthropological Research 70: 573–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff, J. A., and D. A. Bolnick. 2014. “Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans.” Nature 506: 162–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff, J. A., D. A. Bolnick, J. Tackney, and D. H. O'Rourke. 2011. “Ancient DNA perspectives on American colonization and population history.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146: 503–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff, J. A., M. Rzhetskaya, J. Tackney, and M. G. Hayes. 2015. “Mitochondrial diversity of Inupiat people from the Alaskan North Slope provides evidence for the origins of the Paleo- and Neo-Eskimo peoples.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157: 603–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan, M., M. DeGiorgio, A. Albrechtsen, I. Moltke, P. Skoglund, T. S. Korneliussen, B. Grønnow, M. Appelt, H. C. Gulløv, T. M. Friesen, W. Fitzhugh, H. Malmström, S. Rasmussen, J. Olsen, L. Melchior, B. T. Fuller, S. M. Fahrni, T. Stafford Jr., V. Grimes, M. A. Renouf, J. Cybulski, N. Lynnerup, M. M. Lahr, K. Britton, R. Knecht, J. Arneborg, M. Metspalu, O. E. Cornejo, A. S. Malaspinas, Y. Wang, M. Rasmussen, V. Raghavan, T. V. Hansen, E. Khusnutdinova, T. Pierre, K. Dneprovsky, C. Andreasen, H. Lange, M. G. Hayes, J. Coltrain, V. A. Spitsyn, A. Götherström, L. Orlando, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, M. H. Crawford, F. C. Nielsen, J. Dissing, J. Heinemeier, M. Meldgaard, C. Bustamante, D. H. O'Rourke, M. Jakobsson, M. T. Gilbert, R. Nielsen, and E. Willerslev. 2014a. “The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic.” Science 345: 1255832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan, M., P. Skoglund, K. E. Graf, M. Metspalu, A. Albrechtsen, I. Moltke, S. Rasmussen, T. W. Stafford Jr., L. Orlando, E. Metspalu, M. Karmin, K. Tambets, S. Rootsi, R. Mägi, P. F. Campos, E. Balanovska, O. Balanovsky, E. Khusnutdinova, S. Litvinov, L. P. Osipova, S. A. Fedorova, M. I. Voevoda, M. DeGiorgio, T. Sicheritz-Ponten, S. Brunak, S. Demeshchenko, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, R. Nielsen, M. Jakobsson, and E. Willerslev. 2014b. “Upper Paleolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans.” Nature 505: 87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan, M., M. Steinrücken, K. Harris, S. Schiffels, S. Rasmussen, M. DeGiorgio, A. Albrechtsen, C. Valdiosera, M. C. Ávila-Arcos, A. S. Malaspinas, A. Eriksson, I. Moltke, M. Metspalu, J. R. Homburger, J. Wall, O. E. Cornejo, J. V. Moreno-Mayar, T. S. Korneliussen, T. Pierre, M. Rasmussen, P. F. Campos, P. de Baros Damgaard, M. E. Allentoft, J. Lindo, E. Metspalu, R. Rodríguez-Varela, J. Mansilla, C. Henrickson, A. Seguin-Orlando, H. Malmström, T. Stafford, Jr., S. S. Shringarpure, A. Moreno-Estrada, M. Karmin, K. Tambets, A. Bergström, Y. Xue, V. Warmuth, A. D. Friend, J. Singarayer, P. Valdes, F. Balloux, I. Leboreiro, J. L. Vera, H. Rangel-Villalobos, D. Pettener, D. Luiselli, L. G. Davis, E. Heyer, C. P. Zollikofer, M. S. Ponce de León, C. I. Smith, V. Grimes, K. A. Pike, M. Deal, B. T. Fuller, B. Arriaza, V. Standen, M. F. Luz, F. Ricaut, N. Guidon, L. Osipova, M. I. Voevoda, O. L. Posukh, O. Balanovsky, M. Lavryashina, Y. Bogunov, E. Khusnutdinova, M. Gubina, E. Balanovska, S. Fedorova, S. Litvinov, B. Malyarchuk, M. Derenko, M. J. Mosher, D. Archer, J. Cybulski, B. Petzelt, J. Mitchell, R. Worl, P. J. Norman, P. Parham, B. M. Kemp, T. Kivisild, C. Tyler-Smith, M. S. Sandhu, M. Crawford, R. Villems, D. G. Smith, M. R. Waters, T. Goebel, J. R. Johnson, R. S. Malhi, M. Jakobsson, D. J. Meltzer, A. Manica, R. Durbin, C. D. Bustamante, Y. S. Song, R. Nielsen, and E. Willerslev. 2015. “Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans.” Science 349(6250): aab3884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, M., S. L. Anzick, M. R. Waters, P. Skoglund, M. DeGiorgio, T. W. Stafford Jr., S. Rasmussen, I. Moltke, A. Albrechtsen, S. M. Doyle, G. D. Poznik, V. Gudmundsdottir, R. Yadav, A-S. Malaspinas, S. S. V. White, M. E. Allentoft, O. E. Cornejo, K. Tambets, A. Eriksson, P. D. Heintzman, M. Karmin, T. S. Korneliussen, D. J. Meltzer, T. L. Pierre, J. Stenderup, L. Saag, V. M. Warmuth, M. C. Lopes, R. S. Malhi, S. Brunak, T. Sicheritz-Ponten, I. Barnes, M. Collins, L. Orlando, F. Balloux, A. Manica, R. Gupta, M. Metspalu, C. D. Bustamante, M. Jakobsson, R. Nielsen, and E. Willerslev. 2014. “The genome of a late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana.” Nature 506: 225–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Rasmussen, M. Sikora, A. Albrechtsen, T. S. Korneliussen, J. V. Moreno-Mayar, G. D. Poznik, C. P. Zollikofer, M. S. Ponce de León, M. E. Allentoft, I. Moltke, H. Jónsson, C. Valdiosera, R. S. Malhi, L. Orlando, C. D. Bustamante, T. W. Stafford Jr., D. J. Meltzer, R. Nielsen, E. Willerslev. “The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man.” Nature (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, D., N. Patterson, D. Campbell, A. Tandon, S. Mazieres, N. Ray, M. V. Parra, W. Rojas, C. Duque, N. Mesa, L. F. García, O. Triana, S. Blair, A. Maestre, J. C. Dib, C. M. Bravi, G. Bailliet, D. Corach, T. Hünemeier, M. C. Bortolini, F. M. Salzano, M. L. Petzl-Erler, V. Acuña-Alonzo, C. Aguilar-Salinas, S. Canizales-Quinteros, T. Tusié-Luna, L. Riba, M. Rodríguez-Cruz, M. Lopez-Alarcón, R. Coral-Vazquez, T. Canto-Cetina, I. Silva-Zolezzi, J. C. Fernandez-Lopez, A. V. Contreras, G. Jimenez-Sanchez, M. J. Gómez-Vázquez, J. Molina, A. Carracedo, A. Salas, C. Gallo, G. Poletti, D. B. Witonsky, G. Alkorta-Aranburu, R. I. Sukernik, L. Osipova, S. A. Fedorova, R. Vasquez, M. Villena, C. Moreau, R. Barrantes, D. Pauls, L. Excoffier, G. Bedoya, F. Rothhammer, J. M. Dugoujon, G. Larrouy, W. Klitz, D. Labuda, J. Kidd, K. Kidd, A. Di Rienzo, N. B. Freimer, A. L. Price, and A. Ruiz-Linares. 2012. “Reconstructing Native American population history.” Nature 488: 370–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidla, M., T. Kivisild, E. Metspalu, K. Kaldma, K. Tambets, H. V. Tolk, J. Parik, E. L. Loogväli, M. Derenko, B. Malyarchuk, M. Bermisheva, S. Zhadanov, E. Pennarun, M. Gubina, M. Golubenko, L. Damba, S. Fedorova, V. Gusar, E. Grechanina, I. Mikerezi, J. P. Moisan, A. Chaventré, E. Khusnutdinova, L. Osipova, V. Stepanov, M. Voevoda, A. Achilli, C. Rengo, O. Rickards, G. F. De Stefano, S. Papiha, L. Beckman, B. Janicijevic, P. Rudan, N. Anagnou, E. Michalodimitrakis, S. Koziel, E. Usanga, T. Geberhiwot, C. Herrnstadt, N. Howell, A. Torroni, and R. Villems. 2003. “Origin and diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X.” American Journal of Human Genetics 73: 1178–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellet, F. 1998. “The French connection: Investigating a possible Clovis-Solutrean Link.” Current Research in the Pleistocene 15: 67–68.
   Google Scholar
• Skoglund, P., S. Mallick, M. C. Bortolini, N. Chennagiri, T. Hunemeler, M. L. Petzl-Erler, F. M. Salzano, N. Patterson, and D. Reich. 2015. “Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas.” Nature 525: 104–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. T. 1987. Archaeology of Aboriginal Culture Change in the Interior Southeast: Depopulation during the Early Historic Period. Gainsville: University of Florida Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. G., R. S. Malhi, J. Eshleman, J. G. Lorenz, and F. A. Kaestle. 1999. “Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup X among native North Americans.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110: 271–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. W. A., K. Manriquez, J. Mata-Miguez, D. G. Smith, and D. A. Bolnick. 2014. “Genetic variation among Native North Americans with complex ancestries: Implications for contemporary tribal diversity and recent population history.” Paper presented at the American Association of Physical Anthropology Annual Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, April 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, David Glenn, Ripan S. Malhi, Jason A. Eshleman, Frederika A. Kaestle, and Brian M. Kemp. 2005. “Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups of Paleoamericans in North America. In Paleoamerican Origins: Beyond Clovis”, edited by Robson Bonnichsen, Bradley T. Lepper, Dennis Stanford, and Michael R. Waters, pp. 243–254. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smoot, S., R. Stout, and B. McLerran. 2010. The Lost Civilizations of North America. DVD. Directed by R. Stout. Bountiful, UT: Digital Legends.
   Google Scholar
• Stanford, D. J., and B. Bradley. 2012. Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Straus, L. G., D. J. Meltzer, and T. Goebel. 2005. “Ice age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis ‘connection’.” World Archaeology 37: 507–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm, E., T. Kivisild, M. Reidla, M. Metspalu, D. G. Smith, C. J. Mulligan, C. M. Bravi, O. Rickards, C. Martinez-Labarga, E. K. Khusnutdinova, S. A. Fedorova, M. V. Golubenko, V. A. Stepanov, M. A. Gubina, S. I. Zhadanov, L. P. Osipova, L. Damba, M. I. Voevoda, J. E. Dipierri, R. Villems, and R. S. Malhi. 2007. “Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders.” PLoS One 2(9): e829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubelaker, D. H. 2006. “Population size: Contact to nadir.” In Handbook of North American Indians: Environment, Origins, and Population, edited by D. Stanford, B. D. Smith, D. H. Ubelaker, and E. J. E. Szathmary, 694–701. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Oven and Kayser. 2009. “Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation.” Human Mutation 30(2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921.
   Google Scholar
• Verdu, P., T. J. Pemberton, R. Laurent, B. M. Kemp, A. Gonzalez-Oliver, C. Gorodezky, C. E. Hughes, M. R. Shattuck, B. Petzelt, J. Mitchell, H. Harry, T. William, R. Worl, J. S. Cybulski, N. A. Rosenberg, and R. S. Malhi. 2014. “Patterns of admixture and population structure in Native populations of northwest North America.” PLoS Genetics 10(8): e1004530.
   Google Scholar
• Zegura, S. L., T. M. Karafet, L. A. Zhivotovsky, and M. F. Hammer. 2004. “High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: 164–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlojutro M., Rubicz, R., Crawford, M.H. 2009. “Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in five eastern Aleut communities: evidence for genetic substructure in the Aleut population.” Annals of Human Biology 36: 511–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar