THE MICROCIRCULATION IN CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS

REFERENCES

• Groner W, Winkelman JW, Harris AG, et al: Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation. Nat Med 1999; 5:1209–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker CH, Wilmoth FR: Microvascular responses to E. coli endotoxin with altered adrenergic activity. Circ Shock 1984; 12:165–76.
   Google Scholar
• Drazenovic R, Samsel RW, Wylam ME, et al: Regulation of perfused capillary density in canine intestinal mucosa during endotoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72:259–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam C, Tyml K, Martin C, et al: Microvascular perfusion is impaired in a rat model of normotensive sepsis. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:2077–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar I, Martin CM, Lam C, et al: Decreased capillary density in vivo in bowel mucosa of rats with normotensive sepsis. J Surg Res 1996; 61:190–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima Y, Baudry N, Duranteau J, et al: Microcirculation in intestinal villi: a comparison between hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1526–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walley KR: Heterogeneity of oxygen delivery impairs oxygen extraction by peripheral tissues: theory. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81:885–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humer MF, Phang PT, Friesen BP, et al: Heterogeneity of gut capillary transit times and impaired gut oxygen extraction in endotoxemic pigs. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81:895–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ince C, Sinaasappel M: Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1369–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuurbier CJ, van Iterson M, Ince C: Functional heterogeneity of oxygen supply-consumption ratio in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 44:488–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicaut E, Hou X, Payen D, et al: Acute effects of tumor necrosis factor on the microcirculation in rat cremaster muscle. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1537–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groeneveld AB, Hartemink KJ, de Groot MC, et al: Circulating endothelin and nitrate-nitrite relate to hemodynamic and metabolic variables in human septic shock. Shock 1999; 11:160–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenberg SM, Broussard M, Osman J, et al: Increased microvascular reactivity and improved mortality in septic mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res 2000; 86:774–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz NL, Finol HJ, Torres SH, et al: Histochemical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle in patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). Histol Histopathol 1998; 13:121–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider J: Fibrin-specific lysis of microthrombosis in endotoxemic rats by saruplase. Thromb Res 1993; 72:71–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al: Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:699–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschenbaum LA, Astiz ME, Rackow EC, et al: Microvascular response in patients with cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1290–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichelbronner O, Sielenkamper A, Cepinskas G, et al: Endotoxin promotes adhesion of human erythrocytes to human vascular endothelial cells under conditions of flow. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1865–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drost EM, Kassabian G, Meiselman HJ, et al: Increased rigidity and priming of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1696–1702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astiz ME, DeGent GE, Lin RY, et al: Microvascular function and rheologic changes in hyperdynamic sepsis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:265–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper RD, Pitt-Hyde M, Li F, et al: Microcirculatory changes in rat skeletal muscle in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:931–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Orio V, Mendes P, Carlier P, et al: Lung fluid dynamics and supply dependency of oxygen uptake during experimental endotoxic shock and volume resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:955–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser JC, et al: Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:98–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer D, Creteur J, Dubois MJ, et al: Microvascular alterations in patients with acute severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Am Heart J 2004; 147:91–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings FA, Bouma GJ, Ince C: Direct observation of the human cerebral microcirculation during aneurysm surgery reveals increased arteriolar contractility. Stroke 2004; 35:1284–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, et al: Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1825–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creteur J, De Backer D, Sakr Y, et al: Sublingual capnometry tracks microcirculatory changes in septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2006;516–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer D, Creteur J, Dubois MJ, et al: The effects of dobutamine on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock are independent of its systemic effects. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:403–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spronk PE, Ince C, Gardien MJ, et al: Nitroglycerin in septic shock after intravascular volume resuscitation. Lancet 2002; 360:1395–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al: Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:858–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchele GL, Silva E, Vincent JL, et al: Effects of hydrocortisone on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:S08 (abst).
   Google Scholar
• De Backer D, Verdant C, Chierego M, et al: Effects of drotrecogin alfa activated on microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1918–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar