Religion and Science in the Thought of Liebig

REFERENCES

• Letter of 20 July 1854to Thomas Graham, cited in A. W. Hofmann, The Life-Work of Liebig, London, 1876, 135.
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• Letter of 13 July 1870 to his sister Elise, cited in Theodor Heuss, "Festrede zum 150. Geburtstag von Justus von Liebig", J. v. Liebig im Lichte der Forschung des zo. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt, n.d., 5–6.
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• Letters of I and 20 February 1821 to his parents, in Briefe von Justus Liebig nach neuen Funden, ed. Ernst Bed, Giessenand Darmstadt, 1928,17, 18.
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• Letter of 15 June 1859to Wohler, in Aus Justus Liebig's und Friedrich Wohler's Briefwechsel in den Jahren 1829-1873, ed. A. W. Hofmann, 2 vols., Braunschweig, 1888,11, 68–g.
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• Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840–1880, New Haven and London, 1975,57–8.
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• Cited in Heuss (2), 5.
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• Letter to Graham, cited in Hofmann (I), 134.
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• Justus von Liebig in eigenen Zeugnissen und sokhen seiner Zeitgenossen, ed. Bertha von Dechend, 2nd ed., Weinheim, Ig63, 26.
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• "Ueber das Stadium der Naturwissenschaften" (1852), Reden und Abhandlungen, ed. Moriz Carriere, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1874, reprint Wiesbaden, Ig65, 164.
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• "Ein Philosoph und em Naturforscher fiber Francis Bacon von Verulam" (1863), Reden (g),277–8.
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• , "Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft" (1877), Reden, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1886–7, 1, 265–6.
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• Ueber Wissen und Glauben, Gottingen, 1854, 10.
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• Medicinische Psychologie, oder Physiologie der Seele, Leipzig, 1852, 36–7.
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• Chemische Briefe, 6th ed., Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1878, reprint Hildesheim, Ig67, 182, 185. Also Reden (g),271.
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• Organic Chemistry in Its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology, trans. Lyon Playfair, London, 1840, vi.
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• "Ueber das Studium der Naturwissenschaftenin Preussen" (1840), Reden (g), 35. For thechemist Hermann Kolbe, the intensifying struggle of the early 187093etween modern civilization and reactionary clerics gave a new pertinency to Liebig's call for theologians enlightened by science. "Liebig, der Lehrer, der Gelehrte und Reformator", Unsere Zeit, N. F., 10, 728-g, 1874.
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• "The Chemical Principles Involved in the Manufactures of the Exhibition ... ", Lectures on the Results of the Great Exhibition of 1851, London, 1852,203.
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• Chemische Briefe (14), 14. With the third (1851) edition, the term "grandeur" replaced the "good-ness" of the first (1844) edition. In revising another popular work, Liebig was to reiterate the superiority of the scientist's vantage point: "Truly, only he can recognize the grandeur and infinite wisdom of the Creator of the universe who takes pains to understand His thoughts in the infinitebook of nature; everything else that men know and say about Him appears by contrast to be nothing but vain and empty prattle. Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie, 7th ed., Braunschweig, 1862, 1, 73.
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• Chemische Briefe (14), 21
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• Ibid., 22.
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• Der Kreislauf des Lebens. Physiologische Antworten auf Liebig's Chemische Briefe, Mainz, 1852, 14–19.
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• "Der Kreislauf des Lebens" (1857). Aus Natur und Wissenschaf t. Studien, Kritiken und Abhand-lungen, Leipzig, 1862, 42.
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• Chemische Briefe (14) .,. 22.
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• "Swedenborg und der Aberglaube", Studien. Populiire Vortriige, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1857, Ig9–200.
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• Chemische Briefe (14), IL See also 3 and Ig6.
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• Ibid., 40.
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• Religiose Reden und Betrachtungen fur das deutsche Volk, Leipzig, 1850, 20-L It should be added, though, that ultramontane clerics in Munich, as Liebig reported, denounced Carriere's religious views.
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• Chemische Briefe (14),41.
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• Letter of 8 August 1862 to Liebig, in Justus von Liebig und Friedrich Mohr in ihren Briefen von 1834–1870, ed. G. W. A. Kahlbaum, Leipzig, Ig04, 178–g.
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• "Ueber nothwendige Consequenzen and Inconsequenzen der Warmemechanik", Naturwissen-schaftliche Vortriige, Stuttgart, 1871, 16.
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• His article is included in Herman Klencke, Alexander von Humboldt. Ein biographisches Denkmal, 5th ed., Leipzig, 1860,245–50.
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• T. Bischoff, Ueber den Einfluss des Freiherrn Justus von Liebig auf die Entwicklung der Physiologic, Mfinchen, 1874, g8-loo.
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• Cited in Heuss (2),6.
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• Letter of 2g November 1870 to Reuning, in Briefivechsel zwischen Justus v. Liebig and Theodor Reuning uber landwirthschaftliche Fragen aus den Jahren 1854 bis 1873, ed. R. Echtermeyer and G. v. Liebig, Dresden, 1884, Igo.
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• Letter of Ig September 1861to A. de la Rive, in The Selected Correspondence of Michael Faraday, ed. L. Pearce Williams, 2 vols., Cambridge, Ig71, II, 1001.
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• Natural Theology: or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, 12th ed., London, 1809, 542.
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• Letter of 8 August 1862 to Liebig, in Kahlbaum(29), 178-9.In his eulogy of Liebig on the eve ofthe Kulturkampf, Mohr left no doubt that he still regarded the chemist's remarks about the wisdom of the Creator as unfortunateand a source of embarrassment See his "Justusvon Liebig", Westermann's jahrbuch derillustrirten deutschen Monatshefte, 35, 596, 1873,
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• Letter of August 1862 to Mohr, in Kahlbaum(29), 181.
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• "Ueber das Stadium der Naturwissenschaften... in Prdussen"(1840), Reden (9),11–2.
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• Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung (18), 1,92.See also II, 251.
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• Ibid., I, 133.See also 112.
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• Ibid., I, 69.
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• Chemische Briefe (14), 23.
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• Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung (18), I, 86–8.
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• Chemische Briefe (14), 180-L - For the relevance of Liebig's religion to his vitalism see also Timothy O. Lipman "Vitalism and Reductionismin Liebig's Physiological _ Thought", Isis, 58, 185, 1967.
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• Letter of 17 February_1856 to Liebig in Justus von Liebig und Christian Friedrich Schonbein Brief wechse1,1853-1868, ed. G. W. A Kahlbaum and E. Thon, Leipzig, 1900,47–8.
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• "Uber die mechanische Auffassung des Lebens" (1858), Vier Reden iiber Leben und Kranksein, Berlin, 1862,23–7.
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• "Darwin versus Galiani" (1876), Reden (II), I, 215, 216, 229.
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• "Ueber den Zweck in den Vorgangen der Natur" (1866), Reden gehalten in wissenschaftlichen Versammlungen, 2 vols., St Petersburg, 1864-76, II, 65.
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• Chemische Briefe (14), 43; and Reden (9), 282.
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• "Die Entwickelungder Ideen in der Naturwissenschaft"(1866), Reden (9), 329.
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• "Culturgeschichteund Naturwissenschaft"(18n), Reden (II), I, 271.–
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• "Die Entwickelungder Ideen in der Naturwissenschaft" (1866), Reden (9), 318, 328.
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• Letter of 29 July 1866 to Wohler, in Hofmann(4), II, 217.
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• "Die Entwickelungder Ideen in der N aturwissenschaft", Reden (9), 329. In this speech, he informed Schonbein, he reached the remarkableconclusion "that the progress of mankind was determined solely by the progress of scientific knowledge and not by morality, religion, or philosophy". Letter of I August 1866, in Kahlbaum and Thon (46), 221.
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