REFERENCES
- For a review of the historiography of Dalton's chemical atomic theory, see Arnold Thackray, John Dalton. Critical Assessments of his Life and Science, Cambridge, Mass., 1972, chapter 3.
- Thomas Thomson, The History of Chemistry, London, 1831, Vol. II, 289–92.
- Henry E. Roscoe and Arthur Harden, A New View of the Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory, London and New York, 1896.
- See Thackray, John Dalton, Ch. 5.
- John Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids", Manchester Memoirs, Ser. 2, 1, 271–87, 1805. See 287.
- Leonard K. Nash, "The Origin of Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory", Isis, 47, 101-16, 1956. See rro-rx.
- The specific gravity data is taken from Dalton's table of 19 September 1803. See Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 41. The solubility data is taken from Dalton's 1805 paper. See reference 5.
- Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases", 282.
- Ibid., 275.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 42.
- Nash, "Origin", 113.
- Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases", 287.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 59–60. According to Dalton, if the specific gravity of hydrogen was 1/12th that of air 42 volumes of oxygen would combine with too volumes of hydrogen. Using an atomic weight of 5–66 for oxygen (specific gravity = 1–127) gives 41.8 or 42 volumes oxygen, while an atomic weight of 5.5 for oxygen would have yielded a volume of 40.7 or 41 for oxygen. Again, according to Dalton, if the specific gravity of hydrogen was 'froth that of air 50 volumes of oxygen would combine with roe volumes of hydrogen. Using an atomic weight of 5–66 for oxygen gives 50.2 volumes or 5o volumes oxygen, while an atomic weight of 5.5 for oxygen gives a volume of 48.8 or 49 volumes.
- Andrew Norman Meldrum, "The Development of the Atomic Theory: (5) Dalton's Chemical Theory", Manchester Memoirs, 55, no. 6, 1–18, 1911. See 7–9.
- J. R. Partington, "The Origins of the Atomic Theory", Annals of Science, 4, 245–82, 1939. See
- Nash, "Origin", 112–13.
- Arnold Thackray, "The Origin of Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory: Daltonian Doubts Resolved", Isis, 57, 35–55, r966. See 41–2. Arnold Thackray, Atoms and Powers: An Essay on Newtonian Matter-Theory and the Development of Chemistry, Cambridge, Mass., 1970, 264–5. Arnold Thackray, John Dalton, 75–6.
- Robin S. Fleming, "Newton, Gases, and Daltonian Chemistry: The Foundations of Combination in Definite Proportion", Annals of Science, 31, 565–74, 1974.
- John Dalton, "New Theory of the Constitution of mixed Aeriform Fluids, and particularly of the Atmosphere", A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, 5, 241–4, 1801. John Dalton, "Experimental Essays on the Constitution of mixed Gases; on the Force of Steam or Vapour from Water and other Liquids in different temperatures both in a Toricellian Vacuum and in Air; on Evaporation; and on the Expansion of Gases by Heat", Manchester Memoirs, 5, 535–603, 1802. See 535–50, 602.
- John Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I, Manchester, 1808, 212–14.
- John Dalton, "Observations on Dr. Bostock's Review of the Atomic Principles of Chemistry", A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, 29, 143–51, 1811. See 147.
- John Bostock, "Remarks on Mr. Dalton's Hypothesis of the manner in which Bodies combine with each other", A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, 28, 280–92, 1811. See 280.
- John Dalton, "Observations on Dr. Bostock's Review", 144–5.
- Andrew Norman Meldrum, "The Development of the Atomic Theory: (4) Dalton's Physical Atomic Theory", Manchester Memoirs, 55, no. 5, 1–22, 1911. See 13–14. Partington, "Origins", 277–8. Nash, "Origin", 115. Thackray, "Daltonian Doubts Resolved", 44–6. Fleming, "Newton, Gases, and Daltonian Chemistry", 573.
- John Dalton, New System of Chemical Philosophy, 187–92.
- Fleming, "Newton, Gases, and Daltonian Chemistry", 574.
- Arnold Thackray, "Daltonian Doubts Resolved", 39, footnote 25.
- John Dalton, "On the Chemical Compounds of Azote and Oxygen: and on Ammonia", Annals of Philosophy, 9, 186–94, 1817. See 188.
- John Dalton, " Observations on Dr. Bostock's Review", 145.
- John Dalton, New System, 174.
- Dalton, "Experimental Enquiry into the Proportion of the several Gases or Elastic Fluids, constituting the Atmosphere", Manchester Memoirs, Ser. 2, 1, 244–58, 1805. See 257–8. This paper was read on 12 Nov., 1802.
- Dalton, " Experimental Essays", 1802, 545–8.
- Robin S. Fleming, " Newton, Gases, and Daltonian Chemistry", 563–570.
- Ibid., 563.
- Quote originally from: Dalton, "Experimental Essays", 1802, 545.
- Ibid., 602.
- Arnold Thackray, John Dalton, rm.
- Ibid., rio-11.
- Heinrich Debus, Ueber Einige Fundamental-Sdtze der Chemie insbesondere des Dalton-Avogadro'sche Gesetz, Cassel, 1894, 46–58. Henry Debus, "The Genesis of Dalton's Atomic Theory", Philosophical Magazine, 42, 350–68, 1896 (also in Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, 20, 359–76, 1896). Heinrich Debus, "Die Genesis von Daltons Atomtheorie. Zweite Abhandlung", Zeitsch. physikal. Chem., 24, 325–52, 1897. See 327–32. Heinrich Debus, "Die Genesis v011 Daltons Atomtheorie. III", Zeitsch. physikal. Chem., 29, 266–94, 1899. See 274–6.
- Arnold Thackray, "Daltonian Doubts Resolved", 39.
- Avogadro's hypothesis would be a fairly obvious inference from Dalton's discovery that all gases had the same coefficient of thermal expansion, and his related conclusions that in gases there was effectively no attractive force between adjacent particles, and that for all gases the repulsive force between adjacent particles was directly proportional to the absolute temperature. (See: John Dalton, "Experimental Essays", 1802, 600-I.) From these views it would follow that for a given temperature the particles of all gases would exert the same repulsive force for a given interparticulate distance. Consequently, for a given temperature and pressure equal volumes of all gases would contain equal numbers of repulsive particles. This is Avogadro's Hypothesis.
- Dalton, "Experimental Essays", 1802, 538.
- This is taken from the introduction to a course on meteorology given by Dalton in the autumn of 1825. See: W. W. Haldane Gee, "John Dalton's Lectures and Lecture Illustrations", Manchester Memoirs, 59, no. 12, 1–40, 1915. See 18.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 14–15.
- Ibid., 15–16.
- Heinrich Debus, " Genesis. Zweite", 329–30.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 34.
- Dalton, "Experimental Enquiry into the Proportion of the several Gases or Elastic Fluids, con-stituting the Atmosphere", 1805, 249–51. Paper read on is Nov. 1802.
- Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids", 1805, 272.
- Ibid., 274.
- Ibid., 274. This footnote was almost certainly in the paper as read, since Dalton had obtained a more satisfactory figure for the ratio of nitrous gas to oxygen in "nitrous acid" by October or November 2803. See; Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 34–5.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 37–8.
- Dalton, "Experimental Enquiry into the Proportion of the several Gases or Elastic Fluids, con-stituting the Atmosphere", 1805, 256.
- Debus, " Genesis. III", 269–70.
- See:John Davy, ed., The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy. Vol. III. Researches, Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide, London; 1839, 20-4. This work was first published in x800. Also, John Murray, A System of Chemistry, Vol. II, Edinburgh, 1806, 206, 272.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 35. Instead of putting this fragment in its proper place, Roscoe and Harden discussed it later-to show that Dalton had not accepted his 4 August, 1803 values for "nitrous acid". See: Debus, "Genesis. III", 272–2.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 28 and 31.
- Quoted by Arnold Thackray from: Manchester Times, 24 October 1835. See: Arnold Thackray, "Documents relating to the origins of Dalton's chemical atomic theory", Manchester Memoirs, 108, 21–42, 1965–6. See 22.
- See Meldrum, " The Development of the Atomic Theory: (5) Dalton's Chemical Theory", 13–14.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 28–40.
- Ibid., 28–31, 59–60.
- Heinrich Debus, Ueber Einige Fundamental-Sake der Chemie, 58. Heinrich Debus, "The Genesis of Dalton's Atomic Theory", 358–60.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 42.
- Ibid., pp. 27–8.
- Debus, "The Genesis of Dalton's Atomic Theory", 365.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 62–3, 91–2, 97–8.
- A. W. Thackray, "Documents", 37. Thackray, John Dalton, ilo.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 74–98.
- Thackray, "Documents", 4.0. Thackray, John Dalton, h ro-T x.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 16.
- John Dalton, "Experimental Essays", 1802, 537, 600.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 16. Dalton, New System, 187–91.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 17.
- Robert Fox, The Caloric Theory of Gases from Lavoisier to Regnault, Oxford, 1971, 111–12.
- See Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 69–74. Dalton, New System, 216. See also Dalton's 1811 argument against Bostock, already discussed, that was based on views of gases similar to those des-cribed in his New System (146–50, 287–92). See also the syllabus for Dalton's April 1807 lecture, already described, which indicates that Dalton's rules of chemical combination follow from his views on heat.
- Roscoe and Harden, A New View, 16–17.
- Details of Dalton's post-1803 development of his atomic theory will be provided in a forthcoming book that I am writing on Dalton and Berzelius.