Peter Shaw: Chemistry and Communication in Augustan England

REFERENCES

• W. Munk, The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 2 vols, London, 1878, 2, 190. For a similar comment see J. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 9 vols., London, 1812–16, 9, 764.
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• A. R. Hall, From Galileo to Newton, London, 1970, 332.
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• A. L. Donovan, Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment, Edinburgh, 1975, 31.
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• R. E. Schofield, Mechanism and Materialism: British Natural Philosophy in an Age of Reason, Princeton, N. J., 1969, 154–6, 211–12; A. Thackray, Atoms and Powers: An Essay on Newtonian Matter-Theory and the Development of Chemistry, Cambridge, Mass., 197o, 118–20, 184.
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• F. W. Gibbs, "Peter Shaw and the Revival of Chemistry", Annals of Science, 7, 211–37, 1951.
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• A. Thackray (4), 119 and In. (Thackray repeats a remark by Gibbs which is not in Shaw's text); A. L. Donovan, "British Chemistry and the Concept of Science in the Eighteenth Century", Albion, 7, 131–44, 1975, P. 133.
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• For a critique of the notion of "influence", see Q. Skinner, "The Limits of Historical Explanations", Philosopy, 41, 199–215, 1966. From a more radical perspective, E. P. Thompson criticizes the use of the category of "paternalism" in studies of eighteenth-century English society, in his "Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture", Journal of Social History, 7, 382–405, 1973–4. Thompson makes some useful remarks on changing patterns of patronage in this period; and in his "Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class?", Social History, 3, 133–65, 1978, esp. pp. 142–3, he notes how the social aspirations of various professional and other groups led them to accept, and to seek, the patronage of the nobility and gentry.
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• F. W. Gibbs (5). Gibbs has formed the basis of the subsequent account of Shaw's career.
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• Cambridge University Library MSS, Mandates of the University of Cambridge, lett. 14, pt. II, no. 99; R. W. Innes Smith, English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the University of Leyden, Edinburgh, 1932; L. Rossetti, Membri del "Royal College of Physicians" di Londra lattreati nell'Universita di Padova, Padua, 1963.
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• Munk (r), 2, 199; G. N. Clark, A History of the Royal College of Physicians, 3 vols., Oxford, 1966, 2, 507–20.
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• P. Shaw, A New Practice of Physic, . . . formed on the Model of Dr Sydenham, London, 1726.
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• J. Quincy, Praelectiones Pharmaceuticae; or a Course of Lectures in Pharmacy, Chymical and Galenical, ed. P. Shaw, London, 1723; for Quincy see N. Howard-Jones, "John Quincy, M.D. (d. 1722), Apoth-ecary and Iatrophysical Writer", Journal of the History of Medicine, 6, 149–175, 1951.
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• Respectively: G. E. Stahl, Philosophical Principles of Universal Chemistry, trans. P. Shaw, London, 1730; P. Shaw, Three Essays in Artificial Philosophy, or Universal Chemistry, London, 1731; Shaw, An Enquiry into the Contents, Virtues, and Uses, of the Scarborough Spaw-Waters, London, 1734; F. Hoffmann, New Experiments and Observations upon Mineral Waters, trans. Shaw, London, 1731.
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• Clark (To), 2, 458–60, 476–9, 485–99; A History of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, ed. E. A. Underwood, London, 1963, 184–5; C. R. B. Barrett, A History of the Society of Apothecaries of London, London, 1905, 128.
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• Quincy (12), ii.
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• Shaw, Chemical Lectures, Publickly Read at London in the Years 1731, and 1732; and Since at Scar-borough, in 1733, London, [1734], 594. (This first edition has a highly irregular pagination, which runs: [i]-xvi, 1–124, *125—*192, (*193)—(*22o), *193—*224, 125–284, 385–439.)
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• Ibid., 594–5.
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• Quincy (r2); The Dispensatory of the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh, trans. Shaw, London, 1727.
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• Quincy (12), preface by Shaw, xiii—xiv.
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• Shaw (II). The British Museum Catalogue lists a number of editions of Sydenham's works published in the early eighteenth century. I have seen: The Entire Works of Dr. Thomas Sydenham, ed. John Swan, 5th edn, London, 1769, which is dedicated to Shaw; and The Whole Works of that Excellent Practical Physician, Dr. Thomas Sydenham, ed. John Pechey, iith edn, London, 2740.
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• H. Boerhaave, A New Method of Chemistry; Including the Theory and Practice of that Art, trans. P. Shaw and Ephraim Chambers, London, 1727.
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• Innes Smith (s); E. A. Underwood, Boerhaave's Men at Leyden and After, Edinburgh, 1977.
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• See [William Burton], An Account of the Life and Writings of Herman Boerhaave, London, 1743, 549, for the opinion that Shaw's editorial work on this edition deserved "the thanks of philosophers and physicians".
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• See the publishers' catalogue printed at the end of the second edition (1738) of The Philosophical Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle Esq., ed. Shaw, 3 vols., London, 5725.
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• Boyle (24); Shaw (r6); Shaw (II); Boerhaave (2r); The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, ed. Shaw, 3 vols., London, 1733.
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• On Hauksbee, see M. Rowbottom, "The Teaching of Experimental Natural Philosophy in England, 1700-1730", Actes du XI Congrès International d'Histoire des Sciences, Varsovie-Cracovie 1965, Paris, 1968, 4, 46-57, pp. 49–50.
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• P. Shaw and Francis Hauksbee, An Essay for Introducing a Portable Laboratory, London, 1731; Royal Society MSS, RBC.16.162, report read 28 October 1731.
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• Shaw and Hauksbee (27), 21, 14.
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• Gibbs (5), 220. Compare the "Doctors of Physick, Apothecaries [and] Chirurgeons" who paid three guineas to attend George Wilson's chemistry course in the 169os. (See F. W. Gibbs, "George Wilson", Endeavour, 12 (1953), 182–5.)
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• Gibbs (5), 225; Shaw (26), iv.
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• See [Anon], A Journey from London to Scarborough, London, 1733, 43 (for Shaw), 49 (for a list of the "Nobility, Quality, and Gentry" in Scarborough at the time). Note also that in Shaw's dedication to his Enquiry of 1734 (13), Mead is complimented that, due to his influence, the Scarborough waters are now "introduced into better Company; and now chear the Spirits, and brace the Nerves, of Peers as well as Commoners."
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• Shaw (26), iii.
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• Gibbs (5), 230.
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• Gibbs (5); Royal College of Physicians MS Annals, 10, 97–102.
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• N. le Febure [sic], A Compleat Body of Chymistry, tr. `P.D.C. Esq.', London, 1670, Dedications to Charles II and "To the Apothecaries of England"; Gibbs, "Wilson" (29).
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• F. W. Gibbs, "William Lewis, M.B., F.R.S. (1708–1781)", Annals of Science, 8, 122–151, 1952, esp. p. 226.
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• Shaw (2r); Shaw, A Treatise of Incurable Diseases, London, 1723.
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• The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. [D. Mallet], 4 vols., London, 1740; The Works of the Lord Bacon, ed.[J. Blackbourne], 4 vols., London, 1730.
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• Shaw, "Appendix to the Second Part of the Instauration", in Bacon (25), 2, 561-90; and reprinted in Bacon, The Novum Organum Scientiarum, London, 1813, 144–67.
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• Bacon (25), 2, 561, 4.27fn.
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• Ibid., 2, 576.
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• Ibid., 2, 579.
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• Ibid., 2, 567; and Shaw's "Preliminary Discourse" in Boyle (24), 1, xvii—xxix.
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• Bacon (25), 2, 568.
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• Ibid., 2, 569,
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• Ibid., 1, 2o2fn; Dispensatory (28), ifn.
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• Bacon (25), 1, vi; Boyle (24), 1, ii.
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• Bacon (25), 2, 384fn; 1, lxx.
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• Ibid., 1, lxix.
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• Ibid., 2, 384fn.
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• Ibid., 3, 27fn.
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• For insight into the social dimensions of this process, I am indebted to a paper by John Christie, "Technology and the Culture of Science in the Eighteenth Century", read at the British Society for the History of Science meeting on "New Perspectives on the History of Technology", Manchester, 27–29 March 1981.
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• Bacon (25), 2, 379fn.
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• Shaw (26), 2.
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• Shaw, Three Essays (13), 9.
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• See for example Shaw's extensive notes to Boerhaave's chapter on the history of chemistry, enlarged in, H. Boerhaave, A New Method of Chemistry, trans. Shaw, 2nd edn, 2 vols., London, 1741.
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• Boerhaave (21), 170–88.
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• Ibid., 272fn. Schofield (4), 155, apparently assumes that these qualifications occur only in the revised edition of 1741, and hence maintains his hypothesis of a "switch" in Shaw's attitudes. The confusion is compounded by Schofield's more recent remarks on Shaw, in his "Joseph Priestley and the Physicalist Tradition in British Chemistry", in E. N. Hiebert, A. J. Ihde, R. E. Schofield, Joseph Priestley: Scientist, Theologian, and Metaphysician, ed. L. Kieft, B. R. Willeford, Lewisburg, Pa., 1974, 62–91, pp. 102–3, and fnn. 27 & 28.
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• Boerhaave (22), 22ofn.
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• Ibid., 174–88, and Inn.
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• Shaw (26), 1–24.
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• Ibid., 438, 22–4.
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• Shaw, Enquiry (13), v—viii, 2–5, quotation on p. vi.
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• W. Lewis, Commercium Philosophico-Technicum, London, 1763, xi—xiii; [Robert Dossie], Institutes of Experimental Chemistry, London, 1759, esp. xiv—xvi; L. Dobbin, "A Cullen Chemical Manuscript of 2753", Annals of Science, 1, 138–156, 1936.
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• Schofield (4); Thackray (4).
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• Boyle (24), 3, 261–363.
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• Boerhaave (21), 175-71n.
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• Shaw (16), *146—*147.
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• Boerhaave (21), 187fn.
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• See, for example, Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist, London, n.d.
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