Alchemy and the World of Science: an Intellectual Biography of Frank Sherwood Taylor

REFERENCES

• The notes which follow concentrate on citing published sources and the published works of F. Sherwood Taylor (FST), referring more selectively to the other groups of sources: FST’s papers in the Museum of the History of Science; personal communications from some of those who knew him; and the biographical notices, mostly obituaries, listed below. Because they are still in the process of being catalogued, FST’s manuscripts (MSS) are cited descriptively rather than by reference numbers. The following biographical notices provide basic accounts of his life: Ambix, 5 (1956), pp. 57–8 (by E. J. Holmyard); “Catholic Profiles: 96”, Catholic Herald, March 28, 1947, p. 4 (anon.); Catholic Herald, January 13, 1956, p. 5 (anon, and by E. N. da C. Andrade); Journal of Chemical Education, 27 (1950), p. 253 (by Ralph E. Oesper); The Dictionary of National Biography: 1951–1960 (London, 1971), pp. 957–8 (by Douglas McKie); Museums Journal, 55 (1956), p. 290 (by W. E. Swinton); Nature, 177 (1956), p. 774 (by Douglas McKie); The Newman (Newman Association), no. 14, March 1956, p. 11 (anon.); The Oxford Magazine, 74 (1956), pp. 312 and 314 [by C. H. Josten]; Proceedings of the Chemical Society, May 1957, pp. 151–2 (by E. F. Caldin); The Times, January 7, 1956, p. 9 (anon.).
   Google Scholar
• FST, Man and Matter: Essays Scientific and Christian (London, 1951), p. 10, and generally pp. 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• E. S. Craig & W. M. Gibson (eds.), Oxford University Roll of Service (Oxford, 1920), p. 245; obituary in Nature (note 1); information from Mrs. ST; and see “Catholic Profiles: 96” (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• Robert Brown (ed.), Science for All ( 5 vols., London, [1877-82]; various later editions). See notes 5, 17, and 100 below.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Young Chemist (London, [1934]; new edition, Edinburgh, 1961), p.v. Cf. Brown (ed.), op. cit. (note 4), 5, p. 374.
   Google Scholar
• Information from Mrs. ST. He expressed this interest in letters and photographs sent to his mother.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Conquest of Bacteria: From 606 to 693 (London, 1940), p. 13.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, boxfile “Science�General”, lecture “The Control of Science”.
   Google Scholar
• N. V. Sidgwick, The Electronic Theory of Valency (Oxford, 1927). On Sidgwick see: The Dictionary of National Biography: 1951–1960 (London, 1971), pp. 885–6 (by Sir Harold Hartley); Dictionary of Scientific Biography (16 vols., New York, 1970–80), 12, pp. 418–420 (by L. E. Sutton); Obituary Notices of Fellows of The Royal Society of London, 9 (1954), pp. 237–258 (by Sir Henry Tizard).
   Google Scholar
• On the Oxford Chemistry School at this period see: E. J. Bowen, “The Development of the University Laboratories”, Chemistry in Britain, 1 (1965), pp. 517–520; [F]. M. Brewer, “Oxford–A Home of Chemistry and Industry”, Chemistry and Industry, June 24, 1961, pp. 845–853; F. M. Brewer, “The Place of Chemistry–I. At Oxford”, Proceedings of the Chemical Society, July 1957, pp. 185–189; Sir Harold Hartley, “The Contribution of the College Laboratories”, Chemistry in Britain, 1 (1965), pp. 521–524; Sir Harold Hartley, “Schools of Chemistry in Great Britain and Ireland: XVI–The University of Oxford”, fournal of The Royal Institute of Chemistry, 79 (1955), pp. 118–127 and 176–184; M. Christine King, “The course of chemical change: the life and times of Augustus G. Vernon Harcourt”, Ambix, 31 (1984) 16–31. Keith J. Laidler, “Chemical Kinetics and the Oxford College Laboratories”, Archive for the History of Exact Sciences (forthcoming); J. C. Smith, The Development of Organic Chemistry at Oxford (2 vols., Oxford, [1969] and 1975); Tom Smith, “The Balliol-Trinity Laboratories”, in John Prest (ed.), Balliol Studies (London, 1982), pp. 185–224; FST, A Century of British Chemistry (London, 1947), passim.
   Google Scholar
• University of Oxford, Oxford University Calendar . . . 1919, and vols, to . . . 1926 (Oxford, 1919–26); University of Oxford, Supplement to the Historical Register of 1900 . . . 1901–1930 (Oxford, 1934).
   Google Scholar
• A. E. Gunther, Robert T. Gunther: A Pioneer in the History of Science 1869–1940 (Oxford, 1967); [R. T. Gunther], Catalogue of a Loan Collection of Early Scientific Instruments in Oxford (Oxford, 1919); A. V. Simcock (ed.), Robert T. Gunther and the Old Ashmolean (Oxford, 1985); and see note 42 below.
   Google Scholar
• Sir William Osier, “The Old Humanities and the New Science”, reprinted in Selected Writings of Sir William Osier . . . (London, 1951), pp. 8–33.
   Google Scholar
• FST in Discovery, 16 (1955), p. 86 (reviewing Singer, Holmyard, and Hall (eds.), A History of Technology, 1).
   Google Scholar
• R. T. Gunther, The Daubeny Laboratory Register 1849–1923 ( 3 vols, in 1, Oxford, 1904–24), pp. 396–399; Simcock (ed.), op. cit. (note 12), pp. 67–8. On Singer see also: E. Ashworth Underwood (ed.), Science Medicine and History ... (2 vols., London, 1953), 1, pp. v–ix; The Dictionary of National Biography: 1951–1960 (London, 1971), pp. 897–899 (by Underwood); Medical History, 4 (1960), pp. 353–358 (by Underwood).
   Google Scholar
• The picture of FST the young school teacher is derived from the recollections of Professor R. P. Bell; the other scholarship pupil was L. A. Woodward. And see FST, A New School Chemistry (London, 1929), pp. v–vi.
   Google Scholar
• Obituaries in The Oxford Magazine and Proceedings of the Chemical Society (note 1); and see: FST, Man and Matter (note 2), pp. 14–18; FST, The Fourfold Vision: A Study of the Relations of Science and Religion (London, 1945), pp. 95–105. But perhaps, even earlier, by the sensible coverage of alchemy in Brown (ed.), op. cit. (note 4), 4, pp. 44–47, 195–202.
   Google Scholar
• I have been unable to trace a copy of the B.Sc. thesis; its title was “The Theoretical Basis and Practical Methods of Transmutation of Metals as Practised by the Early Alchemists (Before-800 A.D.)”. The Ph.D. thesis is held by the University of London Library (Senate House), and a copy is in the Museum of the History of Science. Miss G. M. Furlong and colleagues, Dr. W. A. Smeaton, and Mr. S. R. Tomlinson have helped me verify the details of FST’s postgraduate work.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “A Survey of Greek Alchemy”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 50 (1930), pp. 109–139; FST, “The Origins of Greek Alchemy”, Ambix, 1 (1937), pp. 30–47.
   Google Scholar
• FST, Elementary Practical Physical Chemistry (Oxford, 1928); FST, A New School Chemistry (note 16).
   Google Scholar
• FST, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (London, 1931; 10th edition, edited by H. M. N. H. Irving, London, 1960); FST, Organic Chemistry (London, 1933; 5th edition, London, 1953). The others include: Simple Research Problems in Chemistry, for Junior Students (2 vols., London, [1929]); Tables for Qualitative Analysis (London, [1935]); Modern Elementary Chemistry (2 vols., London, 1936); John Lambert, in conjunction with A. Holderness and FST, The Essentials of Volumetric Analysis (London, 1938).
   Google Scholar
• See note 5.
   Google Scholar
• FST, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (note 21), p.v; FST, The Young Chemist (note 5), p. 165.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “The Manganohalides of Pyridine and Quinoline”, Journal of the Chemical Society, 1934, pp. 699–701; FST, “The Ferrohalides of Pyridine and Quinoline”, ibid., 1935, pp. 115–6; MSS, boxfile “Science–General”, unpublished typescript “Double Salts and Anions Derived from Halides of Certain Metals” by FST, J. A. Jofeh, A. D. H. Self, and W. Kearley, 1937. The MSS also include a file of his “Inorganic Lectures” from this period.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The World of Science (London, 1936; 3rd edition, London, 1952).
   Google Scholar
• Dust jacket of A History of Industrial Chemistry (note 56 below). And see obituaries in Nature, Proceedings of the Chemical Society, and The Times (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• FST, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (note 21), pp. v, 4–17; FST, A Short History of Science (London, [1939]), p.v. On Partington see: British Journal for the History of Science, 3 (1966), pp. 70–72 (by F. H. C. Butler); The Dictionary of National Biography: 1961–1970 (Oxford, 1981), pp. 822–3 (by W. A. Smeaton); Dictionary of Scientific Biography (note 9), 10, pp. 329–30 (by Sir Harold Hartley).
   Google Scholar
• FST, Galileo and the Freedom of Thought (London, 1938). On its genesis see FST, Man and Matter (note 2), p. 19: it grew out of a lecture, which is preserved in the MSS marked “My original lecture on Galileo”.
   Google Scholar
• Giorgio de Santillana, The Crime of Galileo (Chicago, 1955; English edition, London, 1958). It was favourably reviewed by FST in Isis, 47 (1956), pp. 77–8.
   Google Scholar
• FST, An Illustrated History of Science (London, 1955), p. 53, and generally pp. 53–68; and see FST, “Galileo Galilei”, Bulletin of The Institute of Physics, 6 (1955), pp. 3–15.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, lectures and correspondence; obituary in The Newman (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• Personal communications; correspondence with Eisler in MSS, and in Museum of the History of Science archives.
   Google Scholar
• FST, Is the Progress of Science Controlled by the Material Wants of Man? (Oxford, 1945), the Society’s first pamphlet; MSS, file “Society for Freedom in Science”, 1952–55. Cf. John R. Baker, Science and the Planned State (London, 1945).
   Google Scholar
• FST, “On the Excellence of Things”, The Wind and the Rain, 3 (1946), pp. 116–129, here pp. 122–128; and see: FST, The Alchemists (note 45 below), p. 72; FST, Man and Matter (note 2), pp. 18, 20, 205, 209, 215–6. On his religious explorations generally see pp. 9–30, 204–220 of the latter, and “Catholic Profiles: 96” (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• On the history of the Society and journal see W. A. Smeaton’s articles in Ambix, 34 (1987), pp. 1–4 and 57–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Julius Ruska, “Methods of Research in the History of Chemistry”, Ambix, 1 (1937), pp. 21–29, quoting from p. 29.
   Google Scholar
• Obituary in Ambix (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• MSS, files of correspondence (etc.) with agents (Pearn, Pollinger & Higham) and publishers (chiefly Heinemann).
   Google Scholar
• FST, General Science for Schools ( 3 vols., London, 1939); FST, A Short History of Science (note 27); FST, Science Front 1939 (London, 1939); FST, The Century of Science (London, 1941; 3rd edition, London, 1952); FST, Science Past and Present (London, 1945; new edition, London, 1962). Others include: The Conquest of Bacteria (note 7); Man’s Conquest of Nature (London, 1948); Concerning Science (London, 1949).
   Google Scholar
• Museum of the History of Science, MS Gunther Archive, “Old Ashmolean: Last Letters under Robert T. Gunther 1939-40” (FST to Gunther, 1939).
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.-, Museum of the History of Science, Annual Reports for 1940, 1945; A. E. Gunther, op. cit. (note 12), pp. 292–309
   Google Scholar
• On the history of the Old Ashmolean see: R. T. Gunther, Early Science in Oxford ( 14 vols., Oxford, 1920–45), esp. 1 and 3; C. H. Josten, Elias Ashmole (1617–1692) ... (5 vols., Oxford, 1966); R. F. Ovenell, The Ashmolean Museum 1683–1894 (Oxford, 1986); A. V. Simcock, The Ashmolean Museum and Oxford Science 1683–1983 (Oxford, 1984); FST, “Alchemical Papers of Dr. Robert Plot”, Ambix, 4 (1949), pp. 67–76; FST, “Old Ashmolean Building and the Growth of Science”, The Pharmaceutical Journal, September 11, 1954, pp. 200–1.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, file “Lectures on Scientific Method in the XVII Century”, and other seventeenth-century notes and lectures.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “Thomas Charnock”, Ambix, 2 (1946), pp. 148–176; FST, “George Ripley’s Song”, ibid., pp. 177–181; FST, “The Argument of Morien and Merlin–An English Alchemical Poem”, Chymia, 1 (1948), pp. 23–35; FST, “Alchemical Papers of Dr. Robert Plot” (note 42); FST, The Alchemists (note 45 below), pp. 101–115; FST & C. H. Josten, “Johannes Banfi Hunyades”, Ambix, 5 (1953), pp. 44–52, and ibid. (1956), p. 115; and see note 79 below. Among numerous research notes and writings on alchemy in the MSS is a listing of English alchemists intended for publication in Ambix: file “English Alchemists”.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Alchemists: Founders of Modern Chemistry (New York, [1949]; English edition, London, 1951; new edition, St. Albans, 1976). Pages are quoted from the first English edition. 1951 is the date printed in this edition, but in fact it was not available until mid-1952. The MSS contain various early drafts (the earliest in boxfile “History of Alchemy &c”), and other related papers. See note 103 below.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “The Origin of the Thermometer”, Annals of Science, 5 (1942), pp. 129–156; FST, “The Evolution of the Still”, ibid. (1945), pp. 185–202; FST, “The Invention of the Hygroscope”, ibid., 6 (1949), pp. 181–185; and see FST, “Mediaeval Scientific Instruments”, Discovery, 11 (1950), pp. 282–287.
   Google Scholar
• Museum of the History of Science, Annual Reports for 1944, 1945, 1949; and see note 49 below. The MSS contain an obituary of Gabb by FST, which as far as I know was never published.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid. for 1940, 1941, 1948, 1949.
   Google Scholar
• Obituary in The Oxford Magazine (note 1); [FST], Catalogue of an Exhibition of Scientific Apparatus Pertaining to Medicine and Surgery (Oxford, 1947).
   Google Scholar
• [FST], A Brief Guide to The Museum of the History of Science, Oxford (Oxford, 1949); FST, “Museum of the History of Science, Oxford”, Nature, 164 (1949), p. 738.
   Google Scholar
• Museum of the History of Science, Annual Report for 1942. Some of the lectures survive among the MSS.
   Google Scholar
• Museum of the History of Science archives (Committee Minutes).
   Google Scholar
• MSS, draft “Report on Lectures given in the History and Method of Science”, 1948; and see FST in Nature (note 50), and Crombie in Isis (note 54 below).
   Google Scholar
• A. C. Crombie, “History and Philosophy of Science at Oxford”, History of Science, 1 (1962), pp. 57–61; idem, “Beginnings at Oxford”, Isis, 75 (1984), pp. 25–28.
   Google Scholar
• FST, A Short History of Science (note 27), pp. 1–2; FST, Science Past and Present (note 39), pp. 1–6; FST, Man’s Conquest of Nature (note 39), pp. 11–14; and cf. FST, The Century of Science (note 39), pp. 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• FST, Science Front (note 39), pp. 167–210; FST, Power To-day and To-morrow: The Application of Energy to Human Needs (London, 1954), pp. 139–148; FST, A History of Industrial Chemistry (London, 1957), pp. 337–363.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, file of correspondence with Macdonald & Co., 1948–50; FST, British Inventions (London, 1950).
   Google Scholar
• MSS, boxfile “General Science for Catholic Schools”, 1947–50, correspondence; MSS, file of letters of congratulation on appointment as Director of the Science Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Personal communications; MSS, notebook “Transn. MS Ashmole 1440”, containing draft response to his critics.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “The Science Museum, London”, Endeavour, 10 (1951), pp. 82–88; FST, “The Science Museum: Past and Future”, Chemistry and Industry, May 12, 1951, p. 369; MSS, Ramsay centenary speech; Science Museum, British Clockmaker’s Heritage Exhibition (London, 1952); personal communications.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See Michael Jacobs & Malcolm Warner, Art in The Midlands (Oxford, 1980), front cover and pp. 3, 18, 21. I am grateful to Mr. L. R. Day for information about this painting.
   Google Scholar
• Science Museum, A Hundred Alchemical Books (London, 1952); FST, “Alchemical Illustrations”, Nature, 170 (1952), pp. 12–13; personal communications; and see obituary in The Times (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• MSS, memoranda and queries among general correspondence; dust jacket o� An Illustrated History of Science (note 30).
   Google Scholar
• The Dictionary of National Biography and obituaries in Museums Journal, The Oxford Magazine, and The Times (note 1) all comment on this.
   Google Scholar
• Obituary in The Times (note 1); FST in Endeavour (note 60); personal communications.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, passim. They were often published too: see for instance notes 28, 67, and 99.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “Science and Philosophy”, The School Science Review, 31 (1950), pp. 306–316; FST, “Leonardo da Vinci”, Proceedings of the British Association, 1954, pp. 435–439; FST, “Galileo Galilei” (note 30); obituary in Museums Journal (note 1); FST, “From Magic to Science”, Proceedings of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 76 (1951), pp. 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Chemical Society, Chemical Progress: Handbook of an Exhibition Held at the Science Museum, 1947. . . (London, 1947); FST, A Century of British Chemistry (note 10); MSS, group of files on Chemical Society centenary.
   Google Scholar
• F. H. C Butler, “The Foundation of the British Society for the History of Science”, Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science, 1 (1949), pp. 1–4; FST, “Reflections on the Writing of the History of Science”, ibid. (1954), pp. 239–245. See Crombie in Isis (note 54), p. 26.
   Google Scholar
• Nature, 170 (1952), p. 829. A printed brochure, Christmas Lectures . . . How Science Has Grown, contained a synopsis of the 6 lectures.
   Google Scholar
• FST, An Illustrated History of Science (note 30), esp. pp. v, 168–171; MSS, file “Otterden Place”, 1954–55, and other correspondence. Thomson’s 64 original drawings are in the Science Museum Library.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, television script, and correspondence in general correspondence, 1951–55. I am grateful to Mrs. I. M. McCabe for information about the early televising of the Christmas Lectures.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, general correspondence, 1952-55.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, file “Various MSS”, including radio script.
   Google Scholar
• Personal communications; The Dictionary of National Biography (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• See note 30.
   Google Scholar
• FST & Charles Singer, “Pre-Scientific Industrial Chemistry”, in Charles Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, & Trevor I. Williams (eds.), A History of Technology, 2 (Oxford, 1956), pp. 347–374.
   Google Scholar
• See note 56. The MSS include many notes and drafts for this work.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “An Alchemical Work of Sir Isaac Newton”, Ambix, 5 (1956), pp. 59–84; and see R. J. Forbes, “Was Newton an Alchemist?”, Chymia, 2 (1949), pp. 27–36.
   Google Scholar
• D. Geoghegan, “Some Indications of Newton’s Attitude Towards Alchemy”, Ambix, 6 (1957), pp. 102–106; and his footnote to FST’s article (note 79), p. 64. See note 35.
   Google Scholar
• Quotations from MS Gunther Archive, op. cit. (note 40) (Singer to Gunther, 1939). Other information from: MSS; personal communications; The Dictionary of National Biography and obituaries in The Newman, The Oxford Magazine, and The Times (note 1); Who Was Who 1951–1960 (London, 1961), p. 1070.
   Google Scholar
• Personal communications; obituaries in The Oxford Magazine and Proceedings of the Chemical Society (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, general correspondence, 1951–55 (FST to Archibald Clow, 1952).
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Alchemists (note 45), pp. 159–60, 227; MSS, boxfile “History of Alchemy &c”, including unpublished typescript critique of “Jung’s Account of Alchemy”, and letter from H[eym], 1943; C. G. Jung, “The Bologna Enigma”, Ambix, 2 (1946), pp. 182–191.
   Google Scholar
• “Catholic Profiles: 96”, The Dictionary of National Biography, and obituaries in Catholic Herald, The Newman, and Proceedings of the Chemical Society (note 1); FST, Man and Matter (note 2), the first chapter of which, pp. 9–30, consists of an autobiographical account of his upbringing, religious explorations, and conversion (pp. 28–9). And see FST, “The Confessions of Saint Augustine”, Westminster Cathedral Chronicle, 39 (1945), pp. 68–70.
   Google Scholar
• Jan van Ruysbroeck, The Seven Steps of the Ladder of Spiritual Love, translated by FST (Westminster, [1944]); Hugo de Sancto Victore, The Soul’s Betrothal-Gift, translated by FST (Westminster, 1945). Several unfinished translations of similar works are among the MSS.
   Google Scholar
• FST, St. Albert: Patron of Scientists (Oxford, 1950); FST, “St. Albert the Great”, The Month, new series 13 (1955), pp. 220–232.
   Google Scholar
• “Catholic Profiles: 96” (note 1); FST, The Attitude of Saint Thomas to Natural Science (Oxford, 1944). The MSS contain many notes from the courses he attended; his ancient folio copy of Thomas’s Summa Theologiae is still treasured by Mrs. ST.
   Google Scholar
• MSS, boxfile “Lectures on XIII Cent Science”, and other papers, including outline for book “Physical World of XIII Century Christendom”.
   Google Scholar
• J. R. Partington, “Albertus Magnus on Alchemy”, Ambix, 1 (1937), pp. 3–20, esp. p. 20.
   Google Scholar
• Obituary in The Newman (note 1); MSS, files “Newman Assoc. Correspondence”, 1944, and “Newman Association Publications Cce”, 1948–50.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Attitude of the Church to Science (London, 1946).
   Google Scholar
• FST & C. Oddie, General Science for Girls and A Short General Science (London, 1952 and 1955); MSS, boxfile “General Science for Catholic Schools”, 1947–50. Intended as a 3-vol. work, the publishers changed the title of the 2nd vol. and the 3rd appears never to have been issued, though a typescript of it (by Sister Cecilia) is among the MSS.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The World of Science (note 25), p. 21.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Fourfold Vision (note 17), p. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., quoting from p. 98. Cf. FST, Man and Matter (note 2), p. 17.
   Google Scholar
• FST, “On the Excellence of Things” (note 34); FST, Two Ways of Life: Christian and Materialist (London, 1947).
   Google Scholar
• See note 2. It consists of 12 lecture-essays (including “On the Excellence of Things”, pp. 102–125), preceded by an autobiographical introduction (see note 86).
   Google Scholar
• FST, “On the Excellence of Things” (note 34), pp. 117–119. Cf. Brown (�d.), op. cit. (note 4), 5, p. 376.
   Google Scholar
• He used it on the front cover of many of his books, starting with Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (note 21), having first illustrated it in Journal of Hellenic Studies (note 19), p. 117. See: pp. 112, 116–7 of the latter; FST, “The Origins of Greek Alchemy” (note 19), pp. 44–5; FST, The Alchemists (note 45), pp. 52, 57–8. For a later study of the symbol see H. J. Sheppard, “The Ouroboros and the Unity of Matter in Alchemy: A Study in Origins”, Ambix, 10 (1962), pp. 83–96.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Alchemists (note 45), p. 235.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. ix. It was nicely reviewed by Holmyard in Nature, 170 (1952), pp. 725–6; and see Caldin’s assessment in Proceedings of the Chemical Society (note 1).
   Google Scholar
• FST, “Reflections on the Writing” (note 69), p. 243.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Alchemists (note 45), pp. 235 (religious), 2–3, 190–1, 234 (texts).
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 3, and see p. 233.
   Google Scholar
• FST, A Century of British Chemistry (note 10), p. 5; FST, The Alchemists (note 45), pp. 233–4; FST, A History of Industrial Chemistry (note 56), pp. 360–1; MSS, file of correspondence between FST, S. F. Mason, and H. E. Stapleton, 1948. And see: Dorothy M. Fisk, Modern Alchemy (London, 1936); Lord Rutherford, The Newer Alchemy (Cambridge, 1937); Frederick Soddy, The Story of Atomic Energy (London, 1949).
   Google Scholar
• Personal communications.
   Google Scholar
• FST, The Alchemists (note 45), p. 230, and generally pp. 7–17; FST, “The Idea of the Quintessence”, in Underwood (ed.), op. cit. (note 15), 1, pp. 247–265.
   Google Scholar