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British Journal of Orthodontics Volume 14, 1987 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

The Mechanics of Looped Arches with Non-parallel or Angulated Legs

N. E. WatersDepartment of Dental Materials Science, UMDS Guy's Hospital Medical School, London Bridge SE1 9RT
, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.Inst.P. &
P.J. WardDepartment of Dental Materials Science, UMDS Guy's Hospital Medical School, London Bridge SE1 9RT
, M.A., (Oxon)
Pages 161-167 | Received 01 Oct 1984, Published online: 21 Jun 2016

References

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  • Evans, D. J. (1974) Software for Numerical Mathematics, London and New York, Academic Press.
  • Isaacson, K. G. and Williams, J. K. (1978) An Introduction to Fixed Appliances, 2nd Edition. Bristol, John Wright and Sons Ltd.
  • Jarabak, J. R. (1966) Philosophy of the fixed appliance: The Loyola-Jarabak light wire technique, Transactions of the European Orthodontic Society, 189–207.
  • Jarabak, J. R. and Fizzel, J. A. (1972) Technique and Treatment with the Light-Wire Edgewise Appliances, Vol. 1. 2nd Edition. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Co.
  • Reitan, K. (1957) Some factors determining the evaluation of forces in orthodontics, American Journal of Orthodontics, 43, 32–45.
  • Reitan, K. (1967) Clinical and histological observations on tooth movement during and after orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, 53, 721–745.
  • Stoner, M. M. (1960) Force control in clinical practice, American Journal of Orthodontics, 46, 163–186.
  • Stoner, M. M. (1969) Wire: Clinical Considerations. In: Current Orthodontic Concepts and Techniques, ed. T. M. Graber, pp. 414–449, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company.
  • Swain, B. F. (1969) Begg Differential Light Forces Technique. In: Current Orthodontic Concepts and Techniques, ed. T. M. Graber, pp. 585–816, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company.
  • Thurow, R. C. (1966) Edgewise Orthodontics, 2nd Edition. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby.
  • Timoshenko, S. (1955) Strength of Materials, Part 1, 3rd Edition, Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand.
  • Waters, N. E. (1976) The mechanics of plain and looped arches: Part 2, British Journal of Orthodontics, 3, 161–167.
  • Waters, N. E., Stephens, C. D. and Houston, W. J. B. (1975) Physical characteristics of orthodontic wires and archwires: Part 2, British Journal of Orthodontics, 2, 73–83.
  • Waters, N. E., Houston, W. J. B. and Stephens C. D. (1981) The characterization of arch wires for the initial alignment of irregular teeth, American Journal of Orthodontics, 79, 373–389.
  • Weinstein, S. (1967) Minimal forces in tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics, 52, 881–903.

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