Publication Cover
Folk Life
Journal of Ethnological Studies
Volume 21, 1982 - Issue 1
6
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Crop Husbandry in Wales Before the Onset of Mechanization

Pages 49-70 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

REFERENCES

  • See e.g. D. W. Howell, Land and People in Nineteenth Century Wales (London, 1978); R. J. Colyer, 'Limitations to Agrarian Development in Nineteenth Century Wales', Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 17 (1978), 602–17.
  • T. Morgan, An Essay on the Systems of-Agriculture. . . Carmarthen (Carmarthen, 1852), p. 19.
  • C. Hassall, General View of the Agriculture of Pembrokeshire (London, 1794), p. 16.
  • J. Clark, General View of the Agriculture of Radnorshire (London, 1794), pp. 13–14; T. Lloyd and D. Tumor, General View of the Agriculture of Cardiganshire (London, 1794), pp. to—It; C. Hassan, General View ofAgriculture of Carmarthenshire (London, 1794), p. 12.
  • Lloyd and Tumor, op. cit., p.
  • Bye-Gones relating to Wales and Monmouthshire, 1876 and 1897–8; p. 7 and p. 223.
  • See e.g. Sir Thomas Cullum's diary for 181 (NLW MS 5446B), and W. Davies, General View of the Agriculture of South Wales (London, 1815),p. 514.
  • D. Thomas, Agriculture in Wales during the Napoleonic Wars (Cardiff, 1963), p. 77.
  • T. Johnes, A Landlord's Advice to his Tenants (Hafod, 1800), p. 54; NLW Cilgwyn MS 32; S. Lewis, Topographical Dictionary of Wales (1833).
  • J. Gibson, Agriculture in Wales (Aberystwyth, 1879), p. 61.
  • Morgan, op. cit., pp. 17–18.
  • NLW Highmead MSS (unnumbered).
  • Morgan, op. cit., pp. 16–17; W. B. Wall, 'On the Agriculture of Pembrokeshire', JRASE, Ser. ii, xxm (1887), 86–87.
  • H. Evershed, 'Improvement of the Plants of the Farm', JRASE, Ser. ii, xx (1884), 88–90.
  • Thomas, op. cit., pp. 61–63.
  • T. Rees, A Topographical and Historical Description of South Wales (London, 1815), p. 401.
  • Hassall (Carms.), O. cit., p. 38.
  • Davies, op. cit., pp. 453–54.
  • C. S. Read, 'On the Farming of South Wales', JRASE, Ser. i, x(1849), 135.
  • Wall, op. cit., p. 85.
  • NLW Chirk Castle MS 12752.
  • NLW Nanteos MSS Vol. 45.
  • NLW 13882A.
  • NLW Glansevin 8.
  • NLW 14847A; NLW 11539B.
  • NLW 6642A.
  • Davies (South Wales) n, O. cit., p. 170; Letter to the Bath and West of England Sociey, 10 (1805), 13.
  • R. Warner, A Second Walk through Wales (London, 1810), p. 58.
  • Warner, idem., p. it; Clark, op. cit., p. 18.
  • M. Williams, The South Wales Landscape (London, 1975), pp. 157–59.
  • B. Howells, 'Pembrokeshire Farming, ca. 1580-1620', NLWJournal, 9 (1955–56), 247.
  • Davies (South Wales) n, op. cit., p. 151; Hassall (Pembrokeshire), op. cit., pp. 17–18.
  • Johnes, op. cit., p. 5.
  • L. J. Peel, 'Science, Energy and Agriculture since 1800', Acta Museorum Agriculturae, XII (1977), 60–63.
  • Johnes, op. cit., p. 19; NLW (Lucas) 631.
  • NLW (Lucas) 643.
  • NLW (Lucas) 3241; NLW 2.1036B.
  • NLW (Picton Castle) 4446.
  • NLW (Tredegar) 57/389.
  • J. G. Jenkins, Life and Tradition in Rural Wales (London, 1976), p. 31.
  • G. E. Mingay, Rural Life in Victorian England (London, 1977), p. 22.
  • J. G. Jenkins, Agricultural Transport in Wales (Cardiff, 1962), p. 13.
  • Gibson, op. cit, p. 98.
  • NLW (Tredegar) 57/340.
  • NLW 784A.
  • J. Clark, General View of the Agriculture of Breconshire (London, 1794), P. 41.
  • Bye-gones relating to Wales and Monmouthshire, 1882, p. 9.
  • Idem, p. 38.
  • Jenkins (Life and Tradition), op. cit., p. 34.
  • J. Wilson (ed.), Rural Cyclopedia, III (1852), 687; J. A. Clarke, 'Practical Agriculture', JRASE, Ser. ii, xtv (1878,628–31.
  • Lloyd and Tumor, op. cit., p. 12; Hassan (Carmarthenshire), op. cit., pp. 16–19.
  • Thomas Johnes of Hafod, for example.
  • NLW (Highmead) MSS, unnumbered.
  • J. Wilson (ed.), Rural Cyclopedia, III (1852), 857.
  • E. Scourfield, 'The interpretation of the history and development of farming techniques in Wales as illustrated by the collection at the Welsh Folk Museum', Acta Museorum Agriculturae (1978), pp. 118–31.
  • Idem, p. 131.
  • Jenkins (Life and Tradition), p. 37.
  • Idem, p. 40.
  • Morgan, op. cit., p. 13.
  • NLW 21036B.
  • Thus the flail was known as the 'poverty stick' in Cambridgeshire, see G. E. Evans, The Farm and the Village (Faber, 1969), p. 85.
  • W. Davies, General View ofthe Agriculture of North Wales (London, 810), pp. 182–83; A. B. Williams, 'Notes on Montgomeryshire Farming in the Nineteenth Century', Mont. Coll., 50 (1948); W. Watkins, Rad. Soc. Trans., IV (193 5).
  • Read, op. cit., p. 134.
  • R. Trow Smith, English Husbandry (London, 1951), p. 207.
  • W. H. Long, The Development of Mechanization in English Farming', Agricultural Hist. Rev., 2 (1963), 19.
  • D. J Morgan, johnes of Hafod Uchtryd, Cardiganshire, as an Agriculturist', Journal UCW Agric. Soc., IX (1920), 36.
  • Watkins, op. cit., passim.
  • NLW (Lucas) 641–42; NLW lob o Morganwg Letter 84.
  • NLW Reports, 1955, p. 35.
  • NLW 16473B.
  • Read, op. cit., p. 34.
  • H. Evans, The Gorse Glen (Liverpool, 1947), pp. 114–17.
  • Jenkins (Lrjè and Tradition), op. cit., p. 21.
  • NLW Bodewryd 59.
  • NLW John Evans MSS. Migrant harvesters normally returned to west Wales with cash sums of up to .E.2 which they would put towards the rent of their holdings.
  • D. Parry Jones, Welsh Country Upbringing (Liverpool, 1974), p. 63.
  • D. Morgan in R. Samuel (ed.), Village Lyi and Labour (London, 1975), pp. 33–37.
  • NLW (Highmead) MSS, unnumbered.
  • G. E. Evans, op. cit., pp. 74–76.
  • Davies (South Wales), r, op. cit., p. 427.
  • Idem, p. 425.
  • E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest Technology and Labour Supply in Britain, 1790-1870% Econ. Hist. Rev., 22 (1976), 453–74
  • NLW 1340C.
  • W. Davies, General View of the Agriculture of North Wales (London, 1810), p. 167; Lewis (Topographical Dictionary), passim
  • M. Roberts, 'Sickles and Scythes: Women's Work and Men's Work at Harvest Time', History Workshop, 7 (1979), 7–20. In the mid-nineteenth century The Book of the Farm, Henry Stephens maintained that a man would cut 2–3 acres of wheat and 4 acres of oats with a scythe andi acre of wheat and 2 acres of oats with the smooth-edged sickle. According to one estimate, total harvesting costs were reduced by 20-30% where the scythe, as opposed to the sickle, was used. (Collins, op. cit.)
  • Lewis (Top. Dic.), passim.
  • NLW 5446B.
  • NLW (Lucas) 3240.
  • Davies (N. Wales), op. cit., p. 167.
  • Wall, op., cit., pp. 85–86.
  • J. Scott Watson and M. E. Hobbs, Great Farmers (London, 1951), p. 47.
  • Evans (Gorse Glen), op. cit., p. III
  • J. L. Davies, 'Horse Labour on Welsh Farms, 1871-1927', Welsh Journal of Agriculture, VI (1930), 44.
  • NLW (Glyneiddan) MS 91.
  • NLW (Highmead) MSS Box Y.
  • R. J. Colyer, 'Conditions of employment amongst the farm labour force in nineteenth century Wales', Llafur, 3 (3), 33–41.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.