REFERENCES
- The most important source for Pennsylvania German traditional material culture is Pennsylvania Folklife, which has published investigations of the ties between German and Pennsylvania German folklife over many years. For Missouri, see e.g. Charles van Ravenswaay, The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri (Columbia, Missouri, 1977); for Texas, see e.&. Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil (Austin, Texas, 1966).
- For example, see Martin S. Briggs, The Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers in England and America (New York, 1932), and E. Estyn Evans, 'The Scotch—Irish: Their Cultural Adaptation and Heritage in the American Old West', in Essays in Scotch—Irish History, edited by E. R. R. Green (London, 1967), pp. 69–86.
- An important early study of Pensylvania German bank barns is Marion D. Learned, 'The German Barn in America', University of Pennsylvania Lectures (1913–14), which lists many resemblances between these barns and early German buildings. I first heard of English bank barns from Henry Glassie whose father had seen and photographed some examples while travelling in England; the first published mention of English bank barns that I encountered was in R. W. Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (New York, 1970), pp. 138–39. "The original manuscript United States Census records for 1880 and 1900 are in Washington, D.C.; microfilm copies are available at Indiana University Library. The names of individuals cited, together with the simple information about them, have been drawn from these records.
- Cemeteries in or near the Limestone Belt that have a high proportion of tombstones with tools include the Riverside Cemetery in Spencer, Mt Carmel Cemetery four miles west of Stinesville, the municipal cemetery in Bedford, and the municipal cemetery south of Bono.
- H. C. Mercer, Ancient Carpenters' Tools, third edition (Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 1960), p. 310.
- Jocelyn Bailey, The Village Blacksmith (Shire Publications Ltd, 1977), p. 30.
- Willsher and Hunter, Stones: Eighteenth Century Scottish Gravestones (New York, 1980): an entire section is devoted to tools on gravestones, mostly from the eighteenth century and rural graveyards.
- J. H. Craw, 'The Post-Reformation Symbolic Gravestones of Berwickshire', History of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club, 25:3 (1925), 409–39.
- Catherine Shoupe, A Comparative Genre Analysis of Folk Traditions in North Fife, Scotland ( Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1978), p. 261: of 220 gravestones in rural cemeteries, 68 had tools as insignia of trades or crafts.