Coastal Limekilns in South-West Wales

REFERENCES

• C. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, et al., A History of Technology, II (Oxford, 1956), 152, 189, 347, 519 and idem, IV (1958), 447. Portland cement was so named as Aspdin believed that it might come to replace Portland stone as a building material.
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• E. E. L. Dixon, Memoirs of the Geological Society of England and Wales, 244 and 245, XIII (1921), 204.
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• E. A. Lewis, The Welsh Port Books, 1550–2603 (London, 1927). From the various references to limekilns in Denbighshire in the late sixteenth century, this was equally so in the north. (E. A. Lewis and.J. C. Davies, Records of the Court of Augmentations relating to Wales and Monmouthshire (Cardiff, 1954), passim.)
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• M. Williams, The South Wales Landscape (London, 1975), pp. 157-60; H. Owen (ed.), George Owen, The Description of Pembrokeshire (London, 1892), p. 75. Broadly similar in design to the kilns described by George Owen were those of medieval origin at Cilgerran, Ogmore, and Weobley Castles (0. E. Craster, ‘A Mediaeval Limekiln at Ogmore Castle, Glamorgan’, Arch. Camb., 101 (1950), 52–56).
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• C. Baber in G. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan County History, Vol. v (Cardiff, 1980), 220; J. Thirsk (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. IV, 1500–1640 (Cambridge, 1967), 173–74.
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• National Library of Wales, Crosswood Deeds and Documents, II, passim.
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• NLW, Eaton, Evans, and Williams MS 3719.
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• A. Strahan, T. C. Cantrill, et al., Memoirs of the Geological Society ofEngland and Wales; The Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, XII, 228 (HMSO, 1914), 129–34, 226–27.
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• T. C. Cantrill, E. E. L. Dixon, et al., Mem. Geol. Soc., XI, 237 (HMSO, 1916), 102; E. E. L. Dixon, Mem. Geol. Soc., XII, 244 and 245 (HMSO, 1921), 96–102.
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• W. N. Jenkins, ‘Limestone Quarrying at Pwlldu’, Gower, 28 (1977), 27–28; G. D. Nuttgens, ‘A History of Oxwich Village’, Gower, 30 (1979), 8–10. Among the ships trading in culm from Lord Milford’s Pembrokeshire quarries in 1789 were ‘The Jeremiah’, ‘The Brothers’ of Bideford, and ‘The Temple’ of Bridgwater.
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• T; Morgan, An Essay on the Agriculture . . . best adapted to the County of Carmarthen (Carmarthen, 1852), p. 6.
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• J. Baker, A Picturesque Guide through Wales and the Marches, and edn, (1795), 143–49.
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• S. Campbell-Jones, ‘Shipbuilding at New Quay’, Ceredigion, VIII (3–4) (1974–75), 295. (NLW Picton Castle 4082).
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• B. John, Pembrokeshire (Greencroft Books, 1984 edn), p. 109.
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• Singer, et al. (1956), op. cit., p. 347.
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• B. Dix, ‘The Manufacture of Lime and its Uses in the Western Roman Provinces’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 1(3) (1982), 331–34.
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• Ibid., p. 337. Clearly the lime produced from these kilns, being intermixed with ash, would have been of relatively little use for non-agricultural purposes.
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• D. J. Robinson and R. U. Cook, `Limekilns in Surrey: a reconstruction of a local industry’, Surrey Arch. Coll., LIX (1962), 25.
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• I. Donnachie, ‘The Lime Industry in Southwest Scotland’, Trans. Dumfries and Galloway Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Soc., XLVIII (1971), 147.
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• Carlisle’s kilns produced a peak of 3o, iii tons of lime in 1865. (A. Harris, ‘A Trade in Lime’, Trans. Cumb. and West. Arch. and Antiq. Soc., LXXVII (1977), 152.
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• D. J. W. Mawson, ‘Agricultural Limeburning; the Netherby Example’, Trans. Cumb, and West. Arch. and Antiq. Soc., LXXX (1980), 144.
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• These kilns, notably at Bexhill, Hastings, and Rye, burned limestone from outcrops around Beachy Head, to produce lime which was subsequently used throughout the Washden district. (A. Young, General View of the Agriculture of Sussex (London, 1813), passim.)
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• F. Aldsworth, Limeburning and the Amberley Chalk pits: A History (Chichester, 1979), passim.
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• Burning usually lasted 24–48 hours, depending upon kiln design and wind speed.
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• NLW PA 8097.
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• NLW Alltwyd 40.
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• Dyfed R.O., D/LP/643.
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• Documents in the possession of Mrs C. Griffiths, Pentremawr, Llanrhystud. The records of the Aberclydan brewery indicate that Morgan traded in beer throughout Cardiganshire and Pembrokeshire, his drays frequently travelling as far north as Dolgellau (Dyfed R.O. DB/4/67). In the mid-i 86os Morgan was employing a Mr Bell as Brewery Manager. (D. L. Jenkins (ed.), The Diary of Thomas Jenkins of Llandeilo, 1826–1870 (Bala, 1976), p. 152). 38 NLW Trefawr, 943.
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• NLW Trefawr, 944.
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• NLW Trefawr, 954.
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• NLW Trefawr, 983.
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• NLW Llwyngwair, 2472.
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• F. Green, ‘Pembrokeshire in by-gone days’, Trans. Hist. Soc. West Wales, IX (1923), 84–85.
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• Warburton, op. cit., p. 27.
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• NLW Morgan Richardson 224.
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• NLW Morgan Richardson 367.
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