On the Ritual Burial of Horses in Britain

REFERENCES

• C. Grigson, ‘The Domestic Animals of the Earlier Neolithic in Britain’, in Der Beginn der Haustierhaltung in der Atten Welt by G. Nobis (ed.) (Kohl, 1984), p. 21S.
   Google Scholar
• S. Davies and S. Payne, ‘A Barrow Full of Cattle Skulls’, Antiquity, 67 (1993), pp. 12–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Grant, ‘Economic or Symbolic? Animals and Ritual Behaviour’, in Sacred, and Profane: Archaeology,Ritual and Religion by P. Garwood et al. (eds), (Oxford Committee for Archaeology, 1991), pp. 108–11.
   Google Scholar
• B. Cunliffe, ‘Pits, Preconceptions and Propitation in the British Iron Age, OxfordJournal of Archaeology, (1992), pp. 70–72.
   Google Scholar
• For further detail see, M. Green, Animals in Celtic Life and Myth (London, 1992).
   Google Scholar
• M. Levine, ‘Dereivka and the problem of horse domestication’, Antiquity, 64 (1990), p. 731.
   Google Scholar
• R. Law, The Horse in West African History (Oxford, 1980), pp. 164–66.
   Google Scholar
• M. Gimbutas, The Baits (London, 1963), p. 187.
   Google Scholar
• Law, Horse in West African, p. 167.
   Google Scholar
• J. P. Mallory, ‘The Ritual Treatment of the Horse in the Early Kurgan Tradition’, Journal Judo-European Studies, 9, 1981, pp. 205—II; D. W. Anthony and D. R. Brown, ‘The Origins of Horseback Riding’, Antiquity, 65, 1991, pp. 22–38; S. Piggott, ‘Heads and Hoofs’, Antiquity, XXXVI (1962), p. 116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Maringer, The Horse in the Art and Ideology of the Indo-European Peoples’, Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9, 1981, pp. 191–97.
   Google Scholar
• C. Parc, ‘From Dupljaja to Delphi; the Ceremonial Use of the Waggon in later Prehistory’, Antiquity, 963 (1989), pp. 80–100.
   Google Scholar
• I. M. Stead, The Arras Culture (Yorks. Phil. Soc., 1977).
   Google Scholar
• S. P. Needham (ed.), Excavation and Salvage at Runnymede Bridge; the Late Bronze Age Waterfront Site (London, 1991), p. 334.
   Google Scholar
• Piggott, ‘Heads and Hoofs’, p. 112. In this context it is worth recording the practice of the non-horseriding Igbo of south-east Nigeria who, in the later nineteenth century A.D., imported horses to sacrifice in tithe-taking ceremonies and at the funerals of wealthy men. In the latter case the horse was killed and its hide used as the dead man’s shroud (Law, Horse in West African, p. 168).
   Google Scholar
• R. Philpott, ‘Burial Practice in Roman Britain; A Survey of grave treatment and furnishing, A.D. 43-100’, B.A.R. British Series 219 (1991), pp. 198–205.
   Google Scholar
• S. M. Winn, ‘Burial Evidence and the Kurgan Culture in Eastern Anatolia, c. 3000 B.c.; an Interpretation’, Journal Indo-European Studies, 8, 1981, p. 114.
   Google Scholar
• For horse-shoes and apotropaic protection see, E. Hull, Folklore of the British Isles (London, 1928) and for the link between animals and threshold protection in general see G. E. Evans, The Pattern under the Plough (Faber, 1966).
   Google Scholar
• D. W. Harding, The Iron Age in the Upper Thames Basin (Oxford, 1872), p. 20.
   Google Scholar
• R. Merrifield, The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic (Batsford, 1987).
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Irish Folk Ways, pp. 198–200.
   Google Scholar
• Anon, Folklore, 12, 1901, p. 348; Anon, Archaeologia Cambrensis Ser. V, XIII (1896), p. 354. J. D. K. Lloyd, A Discovery of Horse Skulls at Gunley, Mont. Collections,61 (1969), pp. 131–34; R. Huws, Rhagor o Benglogan Cefflau, Y Gehinen, 28 (1978), p. 30.
   Google Scholar
• E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (London, 1961), pp. 215–16.
   Google Scholar
• B. Cuncliffe, Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 2, A84; B. Cunliffe and C. Poole (eds), Danebury,A Hill Fort in Hampshire, H & S, LBA Research Report, 73 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• A. Grant in B. Cunliffe and L. Poole, passim.
   Google Scholar
• Cunliffe, ‘Pits, Preconceptions’ (1992), pp. 33–39.
   Google Scholar